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Kylie D Rock Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

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Brian Horman Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

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Allison L Phillips Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA

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Susan L McRitchie NIH Eastern Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Res. Core, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

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Scott Watson NIH Eastern Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Res. Core, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

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Jocelin Deese-Spruill NIH Eastern Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Res. Core, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

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Dereje Jima Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

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Susan Sumner NIH Eastern Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Res. Core, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

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Heather M Stapleton Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA

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Heather B Patisaul Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

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similarities with known neurotoxicants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including PBDEs ( 9 ) and organophosphate pesticides ( 10 ), have raised concerns regarding possible health impacts, especially on the developing brain. Because we have found

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Angelica Amorim Amato Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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Hailey Brit Wheeler Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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Bruce Blumberg Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA

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(EDC) as an exogenous chemical, or mixture that interferes with any aspect of hormone action ( 51 ). This differs somewhat from the toxicological definition of an EDC which adds the additional requirement that exposure must cause adverse effects in an

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M Axelstad Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

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U Hass Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

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M Scholze Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK

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S Christiansen Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

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A Kortenkamp Brunel University, Uxbridge, UK

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J Boberg Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

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certain endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Numerous EDCs are present in our environment, and EDCs are suspected of playing a role in testicular dysgenesis syndrome (TDS) in humans. This syndrome encompasses a range of male disorders, presumed to have

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A Rehfeld Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark

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D L Egeberg Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark

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K Almstrup Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark

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J H Petersen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
Department of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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S Dissing Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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N E Skakkebæk Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), University of Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet, Denmark

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Introduction Human male infertility is a common problem worldwide ( 1 ). The causes are in many cases unknown, but exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) has been suspected to be involved ( 2 , 3 ). Sperm cell dysfunction is a

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Frederic Schrøder Arendrup Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark

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Severine Mazaud-Guittot Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Irset – Inserm, UMR 1085, Rennes, France

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Bernard Jégou Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Irset – Inserm, UMR 1085, Rennes, France
EHESP-School of Public Health, Rennes, France

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David Møbjerg Kristensen Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Inserm (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale), Irset – Inserm, UMR 1085, Rennes, France

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Concern has been raised over chemical-induced disruption of ovary development during fetal life resulting in long-lasting consequences only manifesting themselves much later during adulthood. A growing body of evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to the mild analgesic acetaminophen/paracetamol can cause such a scenario. Therefore, in this review, we discuss three recent reports that collectively indicate that prenatal exposure in a period of 13.5 days post coitum in both rats and mouse can result in reduced female reproductive health. The combined data show that the exposure results in the reduction of primordial follicles, irregular menstrual cycle, premature absence of corpus luteum, as well as reduced fertility, resembling premature ovarian insufficiency syndrome in humans that is linked to premature menopause. This could especially affect the Western parts of the world, where the age for childbirth is continuously being increased and acetaminophen is recommended during pregnancy for pain and fever. We therefore highlight an urgent need for more studies to verify these data including both experimental and epidemiological approaches.

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Kristian Almstrup Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hanne Frederiksen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anna-Maria Andersson Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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well as in exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Several studies have been able to associate urinary levels of several EDCs, with the age at pubertal onset ( 5 , 6 ). Especially non-persistent phthalates and phenols have been investigated

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Shane M Regnier Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Andrew G Kirkley University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Daniel Ruiz Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Chicago, Illinois, USA
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Wakanene Kamau University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Qian Wu Wadsworth Center, New York Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA

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Kurunthachalam Kannan Wadsworth Center, New York Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA

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Robert M Sargis Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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in a diet enriched in saturated and trans fats as well as simple carbohydrates that promote the development of obesity and diabetes ( 7 , 8 ). Recently, exposures to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have been implicated as novel metabolic

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Michael C Velarde Institute of Biology, College of Science, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon, Metro Manila, Philippines

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Mikaela Erlinda M Bucu Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines

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Maria Antonia E Habana Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of the Philippines Manila, Metro Manila, Philippines

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Asian women ( 51 , 82 ). Hence, while some of these foods are protective against endometriosis, heavy metal contamination in some of these products may counter their beneficial effects. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), which are ubiquitous in

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Rosalie Cabry Amiens University, Amiens, Haut-de-France, France

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Philippe Merviel Brest University, Brest, Bretagne, France

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Aicha Madkour Mohammed V University of Rabat, Reproductive Medicine, Rabat, Morocco

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Elodie Lefranc Amiens University, Amiens, Haut-de-France, France

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Florence Scheffler Amiens University, Amiens, Haut-de-France, France

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Rachel Desailloud Amiens University, Amiens, Haut-de-France, France

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Véronique Bach Amiens University, Amiens, Haut-de-France, France

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Moncef Benkhalifa Amiens University, Amiens, Haut-de-France, France

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, benomyl, and mancozeb Pyrethroids , such as permethrin Triazines , such as atrazine Many pesticides are known to be endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), defined as ‘exogenous agents, that are potentially capable of synthesis, secretion

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Maria Luisa Brandi Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
Fondazione Italiana Ricerca sulle Malattie dell’Osso (FIRMO Onlus), Florence, Italy

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Stefania Bandinelli Geriatric Unit, Azienda Sanitaria Toscana Centro, Florence, Italy

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Teresa Iantomasi Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Francesca Giusti Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Eleonora Talluri Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Giovanna Sini Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Fabrizio Nannipieri Clinical Research, Abiogen Pharma, Pisa, Italy

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Santina Battaglia Clinical Research, Abiogen Pharma, Pisa, Italy

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Riccardo Giusti Clinical Research, Abiogen Pharma, Pisa, Italy

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Colin Gerard Egan CE Medical Writing SRLS, Pisa, Italy

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Luigi Ferrucci Longitudinal Study Section, Translation Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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such as phthalates, called ‘endocrine disruptor chemicals’ (EDCs), could be associated with a reduction in vitamin D levels ( 15 , 16 ). In a study by Johns et al. , involving 4667 adults who participated in the National Health and Nutrition

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