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Ayse Nurcan Cebeci Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany

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Vera Schempp Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany

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Katharina Förtsch Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany

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Bettina Gohlke Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany

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Michaela Marx Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany

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Helmuth-Guenther Dörr Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany

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Joachim Woelfle Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany

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Introduction Graves’ disease (GD) is the primary aetiology of hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents, with a prevalence of about 1 in 10,000 ( 1 ). Down syndrome (DS) is one of the most common chromosomal disorders, occurring in nearly 1

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Mette H Viuff Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Claus H Gravholt Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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. ( https://doi.org/10.1186/s13023-018-0976-2 ) 10 Viuff MH Stochholm K Uldbjerg N Nielsen BB Gravholt CH . Only a minority of sex chromosome abnormalities are detected by the Danish national prenatal screening program for Down syndrome . Human

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Lukas Ochsner Ridder Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Agnethe Berglund Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Genetics and Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Kirstine Stochholm Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Simon Chang Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark

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Claus H Gravholt Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine and Medical Research Laboratories, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark

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. Regardless, the need for evidence-based treatment programs in KS is evident no matter the age of the individual. In the same context, it is noteworthy, that compared to Down syndrome, available information on the internet describes KS as a genetic and

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Hiren Patt Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Katrin Koehler Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Sailesh Lodha Eternal Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India

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Swati Jadhav Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Chaitanya Yerawar Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Angela Huebner Department of Paediatrics, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Kunal Thakkar Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Sneha Arya Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Sandhya Nair Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Manjunath Goroshi Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Hosahithlu Ganesh Department of Endocrinology, AJ Institute of Medical sciences, Mangalore, India

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Vijaya Sarathi Department of Endocrinology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Bengaluru, India

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Anurag Lila Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Tushar Bandgar Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Nalini Shah Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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in TAS include microcephaly, short stature, dysmorphic facies with long narrow face, long philtrum, down-turned mouth, thin upper lip, lack of eyelashes, poor wound healing, palmar and plantar hyperkeratosis, scoliosis, osteoporosis, long QT syndrome

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Katica Bajuk Studen Nuclear Medicine Department, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Marija Pfeifer Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder in women of reproductive age, with a prevalence 5–16% under different diagnostic criteria and across several ethnic groups, with exact pathogenesis still unclear ( 1 , 2 , 3

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M Guftar Shaikh Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Timothy G Barrett Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Womens and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Nicola Bridges Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

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Robin Chung Research Working Group, Prader-Willi Syndrome Association, Northampton, UK

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Evelien F Gevers Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Anthony P Goldstone PsychoNeuroEndocrinologyResearch Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

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Anthony Holland Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Shankar Kanumakala Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK

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Ruth Krone Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Womens and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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Andreas Kyriakou Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Makarios Children's Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus

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E Anne Livesey Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK
Sussex Community NHS Trust, Brighton, UK

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Angela K Lucas-Herald Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Christina Meade CHI at Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

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Susan Passmore Prader-Willi Syndrome Association, Northampton, UK

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Edna Roche CHI at Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

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Chris Smith Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK

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Sarita Soni Learning Disability Psychiatry, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A 2007 143A 449 – 459 . ( https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.31507 ) 202 Cimolin V Galli M Grugni G Vismara L Albertini G Rigoldi C & Capodaglio P . Gait patterns in Prader-Willi and Down syndrome patients

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Caroline Culen University Clinic of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Diana-Alexandra Ertl University Clinic of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Katharina Schubert University Clinic of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Lisa Bartha-Doering University Clinic of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Gabriele Haeusler University Clinic of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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Introduction Turner syndrome (TS) is caused by structural anomalies in or complete loss of the X-chromosome (45X). Although a rare disease with an incidence of 1 in 2500 female births, it is nevertheless the most common sex chromosome

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H Vlaardingerbroek Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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E L T van den Akker Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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A C S Hokken-Koelega Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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obesity: the Prader-Willi and the down syndromes . Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental 2007 56 1076 – 1080 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2007.03.016 ) 62 Bakker NE Siemensma EP Koopman C Hokken-Koelega AC Dietary energy intake

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Liza Haqq School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia

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James McFarlane School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia

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Gudrun Dieberg School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia

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Neil Smart School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales 2351, Australia

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Introduction Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder, affecting 18–22% of reproductive-age women (1) . PCOS was first reported in 1935 by Stein & Leventhal (2) and is characterised by clinical or biochemical

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M A Webb NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
The Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

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H Mani Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
Diabetes and Endocrinology Department, Kettering General Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Kettering, UK

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S J Robertson The Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

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H L Waller Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

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D R Webb NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

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C L Edwardson NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

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D H Bodicoat NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

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T Yates NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

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K Khunti NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
The Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

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M J Davies NIHR Leicester-Loughborough Diet, Lifestyle and Physical Activity Biomedical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
The Leicester Diabetes Centre, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK
Diabetes Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester, UK

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Introduction Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine condition in women of reproductive age with a reported prevalence of up to 18% ( 1 ). Symptoms of PCOS include excess hair, irregular/absent periods and infertility

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