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Rajae Talbi Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Victor M Navarro Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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melanocortin receptors, MC3R and MC4R, with MC4R being the primary receptor mediating the metabolic action of melanocortins ( 28 , 29 ). On the other hand, the orexigenic AgRP and NPY peptides – both produced in AgRP neurons – increase food intake and decrease

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H Vlaardingerbroek Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Willem-Alexander Children’s Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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E L T van den Akker Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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A C S Hokken-Koelega Department of Pediatrics, Subdivision of Endocrinology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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neurons: the first type expresses the orexigenic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP); the second type expresses the anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine-amphetamine-related transcript (CART). Both these neuron types

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Clarissa Souza Barthem Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Camila Lüdke Rossetti Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Denise P Carvalho Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Wagner Seixas da-Silva Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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: GAATCTCGGCATCTTCCAGG Npy F: GACAGAGATATGGCAAGAGATCC NM_012614.2 148 R: CTAGGAAAAGTCAGGAGAGCAAG Agrp F: CCATATAAGCTCAGGGCACAAG NM_033650.1 93 R: GACACAGCTCAGCAACATTG Pmch F: ATTCTCCCCACATTCTCTTCG NM_012625

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Marie Oertel Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Christian G Ziegler Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Michael Kohlhaas Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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Alexander Nickel Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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Simon Kloock Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Christoph Maack Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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Vasco Sequeira Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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Martin Fassnacht Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Ulrich Dischinger Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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. Modified peptide YY molecule attenuates the activity of NPY/AgRP neurons and reduces food intake in male mice . Endocrinology 2019 160 2737 – 2747 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2019-00100 ) 35 Schirra J Sturm K Leicht P Arnold R Göke B

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Yueyuan Yang Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Tingting Yu Department of Radiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Zhili Niu Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of translational medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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Ling Gao Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

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marker for diagnosing T2D. Higher concentrations of uridine promote appetite and modulate ingestion behavior by stimulating agouti-related peptide/neuropeptide Y (AgRP/NPY) neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus. This induces higher caloric intake

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Mardia López-Alarcón Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico

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Jessie N Zurita-Cruz Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico

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Alonso Torres-Rodríguez Escuela Española de Desarrollo Transpersonal, Madrid, España

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Karla Bedia-Mejía Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico

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Manuel Pérez-Güemez Unidad de Investigación Médica en Nutrición, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico

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Leonel Jaramillo-Villanueva Departamento de Psiquiatría, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, México, Mexico

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Mario E Rendón-Macías Universidad Panamericana, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, México, Mexico

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Jose R Fernández Departments of Nutrition Sciences and Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA

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Patricia Martínez-Maroñas Escuela Española de Desarrollo Transpersonal, Madrid, España

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-1421 ) 43 Briggs DI Enriori PJ Lemus MB Cowley MA Andrews ZB . Diet-induced obesity causes ghrelin resistance in arcuate NPY/AgRP neurons . Endocrinology 2010 4745 – 4755 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0556 ) 20826561 44 Wei C

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Pravik Solanki Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Beng Eu Prahran Market Clinic, Victoria, Australia
Department of General Practice, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Jeremy Smith Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia

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Carolyn Allan Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Kevin Lee Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia

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facilitate homeostatic regulation of GnRH pulses. Higher neuronal centres, such as the suprachiasmatic nucleus as well as proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and neuropeptide Y (NPY)/Agouti-related protein (AgRP), feed into this circuitry. Peripheral hormones and

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Maximilian Bielohuby Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany

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Martin Bidlingmaier Endocrine Research Laboratories, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Uwe Schwahn Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, R&D, Industriepark Höchst, Frankfurt, Germany

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Blouet C Chang JK Chua S Jr. Central action of FGF19 reduces hypothalamic AGRP/NPY neuron activity and improves glucose metabolism . Molecular Metabolism 2014 3 19 – 28 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2013.10.002 ) 24567901 10.1016/j

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