Stavroula A Paschou
Stavroula A Paschou
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Nektaria Papadopoulou-Marketou
Nektaria Papadopoulou-Marketou
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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George P Chrousos
George P Chrousos
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Introduction Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) represents only around 10% of the diabetes cases worldwide, but occurs with increasing incidence much earlier in life. T1DM results from the autoimmune destruction of β cells of the endocrine
Rama Lakshman
Rama Lakshman
Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Charlotte Boughton
Charlotte Boughton
Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge, UK
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Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge, UK
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Roman Hovorka
Roman Hovorka
Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Introduction Over nine million people worldwide live with type 1 diabetes (T1D) ( 1 ). In this condition, immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic beta-cells leads to insulin deficiency and resultant hyperglycaemia. The management of T1D
Louise Færch
Louise Færch
Department of Cardiology, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nephrology and Endocrinology H, Hillerød University Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark
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Anders Juul
Anders Juul
Department of Cardiology, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nephrology and Endocrinology H, Hillerød University Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark
Department of Cardiology, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nephrology and Endocrinology H, Hillerød University Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark
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Department of Cardiology, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nephrology and Endocrinology H, Hillerød University Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark
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Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard
Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard
Department of Cardiology, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nephrology and Endocrinology H, Hillerød University Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark
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Birger Thorsteinsson
Birger Thorsteinsson
Department of Cardiology, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nephrology and Endocrinology H, Hillerød University Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark
Department of Cardiology, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nephrology and Endocrinology H, Hillerød University Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark
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Department of Cardiology, Department of Growth and Reproduction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nephrology and Endocrinology H, Hillerød University Hospital, Dyrehavevej 29, DK-3400 Hillerød, Denmark
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Introduction GH is part of the second-line counter-regulatory response to hypoglycemia and acts by promoting gluconeogenesis. In long-standing type 1 diabetes with counter-regulatory failure in terms of diminished glucagon and adrenaline responses
Olli Helminen
Olli Helminen
Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Group, Medical Research Center, Oulu University, Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Surgery Research Unit, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Surgery Research Unit, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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Tytti Pokka
Tytti Pokka
Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Group, Medical Research Center, Oulu University, Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Susanna Aspholm
Susanna Aspholm
Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Jorma Ilonen
Jorma Ilonen
Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Olli G Simell
Olli G Simell
Department of Pediatrics, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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Mikael Knip
Mikael Knip
Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
Pediatric Research Center, New Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Pediatric Research Center, New Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Riitta Veijola
Riitta Veijola
Department of Pediatrics, PEDEGO Research Group, Medical Research Center, Oulu University, Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Introduction Type 1 diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood. The incidence rate has been rising throughout the Western world ( 1 ). The incidence is highest in Finland, in 2006 as high as 64.3 per 100,000 children
W Liu
W Liu
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
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Y Wang
Y Wang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
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X Han
X Han
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
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X Cai
X Cai
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
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Y Zhu
Y Zhu
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
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M Zhang
M Zhang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
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S Gong
S Gong
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
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J Li
J Li
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
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L Ji
L Ji
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
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Introduction Chronic complications cause the largest proportion of deaths and increase in prevalence with the duration of the disease in long-standing type 1 diabetes (T1DM). ( 1 ) Indeed, the duration of diabetes and severity of hyperglycemia
Lili Liu
Lili Liu
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Zhuo Shao
Zhuo Shao
Department of General Surgery, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
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Ying Xia
Ying Xia
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Jiabi Qin
Jiabi Qin
Department of Epidemiology & Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yang Xiao
Yang Xiao
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Zhiguang Zhou
Zhiguang Zhou
Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Zubing Mei
Zubing Mei
Department of Anorectal Surgery, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Introduction Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), which is caused by the selective destruction of the insulin-producing β cells located in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans, is one of the most common and debilitating autoimmune diseases ( 1
Annalisa Blasetti
Annalisa Blasetti
Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Valeria Castorani
Valeria Castorani
Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Nella Polidori
Nella Polidori
Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Ilaria Mascioli
Ilaria Mascioli
Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Francesco Chiarelli
Francesco Chiarelli
Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Cosimo Giannini
Cosimo Giannini
Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
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Introduction Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and other chronic diseases are well recognized to adversely affect linear growth in childhood. Indeed, early studies have shown that suboptimal glycemic control and longer disease duration can impair
Unni Syversen
Unni Syversen
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Department of Endocrinology, Trondheim University Hospital (St Olavs Hospital), Trondheim, Norway
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Department of Endocrinology, Trondheim University Hospital (St Olavs Hospital), Trondheim, Norway
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Mats Peder Mosti
Mats Peder Mosti
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Medical Clinic, Trondheim University Hospital (St Olavs Hospital), Trondheim, Norway
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Medical Clinic, Trondheim University Hospital (St Olavs Hospital), Trondheim, Norway
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Ida Maria Mynarek
Ida Maria Mynarek
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Trude Seselie Jahr Vedal
Trude Seselie Jahr Vedal
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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Kristin Aasarød
Kristin Aasarød
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Department of Gastroenterology, Trondheim University Hospital (St Olavs Hospital), Trondheim, Norway
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Department of Gastroenterology, Trondheim University Hospital (St Olavs Hospital), Trondheim, Norway
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Trude Basso
Trude Basso
Department of Orthopedics, Trondheim University Hospital (St Olavs Hospital), Trondheim, Norway
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Janne E Reseland
Janne E Reseland
Department of Biomaterials, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Per Medbøe Thorsby
Per Medbøe Thorsby
Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Oslo, Norway
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Bjorn O Asvold
Bjorn O Asvold
Department of Endocrinology, Trondheim University Hospital (St Olavs Hospital), Trondheim, Norway
K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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Erik Fink Eriksen
Erik Fink Eriksen
Department of Biomaterials, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Astrid Kamilla Stunes
Astrid Kamilla Stunes
Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
Medical Clinic, Trondheim University Hospital (St Olavs Hospital), Trondheim, Norway
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Medical Clinic, Trondheim University Hospital (St Olavs Hospital), Trondheim, Norway
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men with type 1 diabetes and age-matched control subjects. Variables Type 1 diabetes patients ( n = 33) Control subjects ( n = 28) P -value Age (years) 42.7 ± 12.1 41.8 ± 12.0 0.744 Age at diagnosis (years) 19
Wei Liu
Wei Liu
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Yunke Ma
Yunke Ma
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Xiaoling Cai
Xiaoling Cai
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Yu Zhu
Yu Zhu
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Mingxia Zhang
Mingxia Zhang
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Juan Li
Juan Li
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Jing Chen
Jing Chen
School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Dawei Shi
Dawei Shi
School of Automation, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Linong Ji
Linong Ji
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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Introduction Measurement of serum C-peptide is important in clinical practice since differences in intrinsic insulin secretion are fundamental to diabetes classification and treatment strategy ( 1 ). In clinically diagnosed type 1 diabetes
Eva Olga Melin
Eva Olga Melin
Department of Clinical Sciences, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Lund, Sweden
Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Sweden
Region Kronoberg, Primary Care, Växjö, Sweden
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Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Sweden
Region Kronoberg, Primary Care, Växjö, Sweden
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Jonatan Dereke
Jonatan Dereke
Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Diabetes Research Laboratory, Lund, Sweden
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Maria Thunander
Maria Thunander
Department of Clinical Sciences, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Lund, Sweden
Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Sweden
Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden
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Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Sweden
Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden
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Magnus Hillman
Magnus Hillman
Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, Diabetes Research Laboratory, Lund, Sweden
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Introduction Depression is associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D), Alzheimer’s disease, increased coronary heart disease and both coronary and all-cause mortality ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). T1D has a serious impact on mental health, indicated by the more
