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Guido Zavatta Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Bart L Clarke Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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replacement therapy. Since then a growing body of clinical studies has been published describing the long-term effects of recombinant human parathyroid hormone rhPTH(1–84), other forms of parathyroid hormone-based therapies, and PTH receptor 1 (PTHR1) agonist

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Bernardo Maia Neuroendocrinology Research Center/Endocrinology Division – Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Leandro Kasuki Neuroendocrinology Research Center/Endocrinology Division – Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Neuroendocrinology Division – Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Endocrinology Division – Hospital Federal de Bonsucesso, Rio de Janeiro Brazil

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Mônica R Gadelha Neuroendocrinology Research Center/Endocrinology Division – Medical School and Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho – Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Neuroendocrinology Division – Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Neuropatology and Molecular Genetics Laboratory – Instituto Estadual do Cérebro Paulo Niemeyer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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therapy and radiotherapy ( 4 , 6 , 7 ). Current treatments Surgical treatment Surgery is the gold standard treatment of acromegaly since it represents the only therapy capable of rapidly curing acromegaly ( 4 ). With experienced pituitary

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Alessandro Brancatella Endocrine Unit 1, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Claudio Marcocci Endocrine Unit 2, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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of treatment is to replace thyroid function but, in the latter condition, an additional aim is to keep the serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) at the lower limit of the normal range and possibly below (TSH suppressive therapy) to improve the

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Sanjeet Kumar Jaiswal Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Vijaya Sarathi Department of Endocrinology, Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

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Saba Samad Memon Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Robin Garg Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Gaurav Malhotra Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Priyanka Verma Department of Nuclear Medicine, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Ravikumar Shah Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Manjeet Kaur Sehemby Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Virendra A Patil Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Swati Jadhav Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Anurag Ranjan Lila Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Nalini S Shah Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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Tushar R Bandgar Department of Endocrinology, Seth G.S Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

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, locally advanced or metastatic PPGL, symptomatic or progressive disease is usually treated with chemotherapy, radionuclide therapy ( 131 I-metaiodobenzylguanidine ( 131 I-MIBG) and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT)), external radiotherapy

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Eva Novoa Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinic of Endocrinology, Head and Neck Surgery

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Marcel Gärtner Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinic of Endocrinology, Head and Neck Surgery

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Christoph Henzen Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Clinic of Endocrinology, Head and Neck Surgery

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large multicentre study comparing the efficacy of intratympanic vs systemic steroid therapy demonstrated the same level of hearing improvement between the two groups (9) . However, for the time being, there is no consensus regarding the dose and

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Kjersti S Bakken Women’s Clinic, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Kristina Randjelovic Nermo Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Microbiology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway

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Bjørn Gunnar Nedrebø Department of Medicine, Haugesund Hospital, Haugesund, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Tim I M Korevaar Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Tor A Strand Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway

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screening efforts ( 2 ). It remains unknown if levothyroxine therapy for mild forms of thyroid hypofunction has any beneficial effects. Yet, recent insights have suggested that the definition of thyroid dysfunction in guidelines published before 2017 has

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Bjarke R Medici Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jeppe L la Cour Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Martin Krakauer Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Andreas Brønden Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mette P Sonne Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens F Rehfeld Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Introduction Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disease, affecting about 3% of the general population ( 1 ), with levothyroxine substitution therapy being the standard treatment ( 2 , 3 ). Hypothyroidism is associated with increased body

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E T Aristizabal Prada Department of Internal Medicine IV, Campus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany

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C J Auernhammer Department of Internal Medicine IV, Campus Grosshadern, University-Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany

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Introduction Neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system are often metastasized at the time of diagnosis and curative resection is not possible in all cases ( 1 , 2 ). Our knowledge on medical therapy of advanced

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Robert Rapaport Ichan School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

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Peter A Lee Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA

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Judith L Ross Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Nemours/DuPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware, USA

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Paul Saenger Winthrop University Hospital, Mineola, New York, USA

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Vlady Ostrow Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA

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Giuseppe Piccoli Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA

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reported to have historical auxological data consistent with being born SGA. The effectiveness of GH therapy for increasing short-term growth rates and adult height in patients with various growth disorders is well documented ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10

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Stefano Mangiola Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Ryan Stuchbery Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Patrick McCoy Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Ken Chow Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Natalie Kurganovs Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada
Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada

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Michael Kerger Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre Epworth, Richmond, Victoria, Australia

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Anthony Papenfuss Bioinformatics Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Christopher M Hovens Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Niall M Corcoran Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Urology, Frankston Hospital, Frankston, Victoria, Australia

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Introduction For over 80 years, androgen deprivation by surgical or medical castration has been the cornerstone of treatment for advanced prostate cancer ( 1 ). As new cytotoxic and androgen receptor-targeted therapies have been developed

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