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Andrew R Dismukes Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Vanessa J Meyer Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Elizabeth A Shirtcliff Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA

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Katherine P Theall Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Kyle C Esteves Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Stacy S Drury Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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stress on TL, and other subsequent biological systems known to deteriorate with aging. Pathway 2: the antiglucocorticoid hypothesis In vitro cortisol exposure is associated with decreased telomerase ( 23 ), the enzyme responsible for repairing

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Anastasia P Athanasoulia-Kaspar Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

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Matthias K Auer Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Günter K Stalla Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

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Mira Jakovcevski Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

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cell division. When telomeres reach a critical short length, cell division is terminated and the corresponding cells undergo apoptosis ( 1 ). Telomerase, the key enzyme relevant for telomeric DNA synthesis and maintenance of telomere length (TL) is

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Dario de Biase Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Federica Torricelli Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Moira Ragazzi Pathology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Benedetta Donati Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Elisabetta Kuhn Pathology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Michela Visani Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy

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Giorgia Acquaviva Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy

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Annalisa Pession Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy

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Giovanni Tallini Department of Medicine (Dipartimento di Medicina Specialistica, Diagnostica e Sperimentale) – Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL di Bologna, University of Bologna School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy

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Simonetta Piana Pathology Unit, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Alessia Ciarrocchi Laboratory of Translational Research, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale AUSL-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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). Unlimited replicative potential is a major hallmark of aggressive cancer cells ( 25 ). To fulfill the high rate of proliferation, cancer cells must protect their telomere repeats length from progressive shortening ( 26 , 27 ). The telomerase complex of

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Abdul K Siraj Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Rong Bu Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Maham Arshad Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Kaleem Iqbal Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Sandeep Kumar Parvathareddy Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Tariq Masoodi Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Laila Omar Ghazwani Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Saif S Al-Sobhi Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Fouad Al-Dayel Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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Khawla S Al-Kuraya Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Centre, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

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2011 2011 915925 . ( https://doi.org/10.5402/2011/915925 ) 2 Bu R Siraj AK Divya SP Kong Y Parvathareddy SK Al‐Rasheed M Al‐Obaisi KA Victoria IG Al‐Sobhi SS Al‐Dawish M , Telomerase reverse transcriptase

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Serena Martinelli Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Mario Maggi Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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Elena Rapizzi Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy

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have shown that it is possible to immortalise cells, with minimal alteration of the phenotype, by introducing human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) into human cells ( 40 , 41 ). In 2013, Ghayee et al . applied this technology in an attempt to

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Dongyan Han Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Min Ding Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Rongli Xie Department of General Surgery, RuiJin Hospital Lu Wan Branch, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhengshi Wang Thyroid Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Guohui Xiao Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xiaohong Wang Shanghai Rigen Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Shanghai, China

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Lei Dong Department of Pathology, Shanghai Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhiqiang Yin Thyroid Center, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Center of Thyroid Diseases, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jian Fei Department of General Surgery, Pancreatic Disease Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Research Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China

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human cancers ( 15 , 16 ). TERT encodes the telomerase protein, and telomerase overexpression confers the ability to split infinitely into cancer cells ( 17 ), including thyroid cancer cells ( 18 ). Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) accounts for

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Daniel Alexander Hescheler Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
European Institute for Molecular Imaging (EIMI), University of Münster, Münster, Germany

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Milan Janis Michael Hartmann Department of General, Visceral, Tumor and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Burkhard Riemann Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany

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Maximilian Michel Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne Germany, Cologne, Germany

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Christiane Josephine Bruns Department of General, Visceral, Tumor and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Hakan Alakus Department of General, Visceral, Tumor and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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Costanza Chiapponi Department of General, Visceral, Tumor and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany

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encoding for telomerase reverse transcriptase; tp53 , gene encoding for tumor protein p53; TS, target sequencing; WES, whole exome sequencing; WGS, whole genome sequencing. FDA-approved targeted therapy and their biological targets In order

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Luis Eduardo Barbalho de Mello Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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Thaise Nayane Ribeiro Carneiro Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Aline Neves Araujo Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Camila Xavier Alves Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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Pedro Alexandre Favoretto Galante Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-libanês, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Vanessa Candiotti Buzatto Centro de Oncologia Molecular, Hospital Sírio-libanês, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Maria das Graças de Almeida Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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Karina Marques Vermeulen-Serpa Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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Sancha Helena de Lima Vale Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
Department of Nutrition, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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Fernando José de Pinto Paiva Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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José Brandão-Neto Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

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Janete Maria Cerutti Genetic Bases of Thyroid Tumors Laboratory, Division of Genetics, Department of Morphology and Genetics, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1502449 ) 28 Capezzone M Cantara S Marchisotta S Filetti S De Santi MM Rossi B Ronga G Durante C Pacini F . Short telomeres, telomerase reverse transcriptase gene amplification, and increased telomerase activity in

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E N Dudinskaya
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O N Tkacheva
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M V Shestakova National Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Endocrinology Research Centre, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow 101990, Russian Federation

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N V Brailova
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I D Strazhesko
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D U Akasheva
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O Y Isaykina
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N V Sharashkina
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D A Kashtanova
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S A Boytsov
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– 185 . ( doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000113081.42868.f4 ). 10 Blackburn EH Greider CW Szostak JW . Telomeres and telomerase: the path from maize, Tetrahymena and yeast to human cancer and aging . Nature Medicine 2006 12 1133 – 1138 . ( doi:10

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Zhen-yu Song Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Qiuming Yao Department of Endocrinology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zhiyuan Zhuo Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zhe Ma Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Gang Chen Department of Urology, Jinshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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. ( https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.141.1.7289 ) 39 Ikeda N Uemura H Ishiguro H Hori M Hosaka M Kyo S Miyamoto K Takeda E Kubota Y. Combination treatment with 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and 9-cis-retinoic acid directly inhibits human telomerase reverse

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