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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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-specific incidences ( 3 , 5 , 6 ), which might be related to sex differences in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. In a population-based study (W N H Koek et al. , unpublished observations) we found postmenopausal women to have higher serum calcium and phosphate
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explain sex and age difference of prevalence of obesity between patients with T2D and the general population. Few studies evaluated age- or sex-difference of BMI in patients with T2D. Hillier et al. observed a striking inverse linear relation between
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Objective
To investigate the prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) in Korean adults and identify the risk factors for the occurrence of SCH by sex.
Design and methods
This study used data from the Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VI), a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey, which comprises a health interview survey, a health examination survey and a nutrition survey. To examine SCH, the reference range of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was defined using both the range provided by the test kit manufacturer (SCH-M) and a population-based range (SCH-P). We investigated the prevalence of SCH and its risk factors by sex using both reference ranges.
Results
The prevalence of SCH in Koreans according to SCH-M (0.35–5.5 µIU/mL) was 5.6%, and 3.3% with SCH-P (0.62–6.68 µIU/mL). For men, smoking significantly reduced the incidence of SCH, positive anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) significantly increased the risk of SCH, and in an adjusted model, the risk of SCH in all quartiles increased as the urine iodine creatinine ratio (UICR) quartile increased. For women, positive TPOAb was confirmed as a risk factor for SCH, as was the highest UICR quartile. Furthermore, the odds ratio for SCH in urban vs rural residence was 1.78.
Conclusions
The prevalence rates of SCH were similar to those reported in the literature and previously known risk factors were confirmed using both TSH reference ranges. The notable findings from this study are that the increased risk of SCH with increased iodine intake was more marked in men than in women and that residential area may be a risk factor for SCH in women.
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Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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infectious diseases and are more likely to engage in violent competition ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Moreover, males and females differ in cardiovascular disease susceptibility ( 4 ). Sex differences in HPA-axis settings have been hypothesized to play a role in these
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variation in kisspeptin concentrations at any age. Regarding PDS scores ( Fig. 1B ), boys had higher kisspeptin concentrations than girls from PDS score 2 onward. For DHEA-S and testosterone ( Fig. 1C and D plots, respectively), sex differences are
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Kweon SS Shin MH Nam HS Jeong SK Park KS Choi JS Lee YH . Sex differences in the associations of testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin with metabolic syndrome in middle-aged and elderly Koreans: the Namwon study . Circulation
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Leening MJG Ferket BS Steyerberg EW Kavousi M Deckers JW Nieboer D Heeringa J Portegies ML Hofman A Ikram MA , et al. Sex differences in lifetime risk and first manifestation of cardiovascular disease: prospective population based
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increasing cord blood C-peptide concentrations ( 5 ). Are there sex differences in the effect of PA on fetal growth? Both sexes follow different growth trajectories and fetal insulin is associated with length and weight in a sex-specific manner ( 6 , 7
Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Sweden
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Department of Endocrinology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Objective
To explore associations between high midnight salivary cortisol (MSC) secretion and high blood pressure (BP) in type 1 diabetes (T1D).
Methods
Cross-sectional study of 196 adult patients with T1D (54% men). Associations between high MSC (≥9.3 nmol/L) and high systolic BP (>130 mmHg), and high diastolic BP (>80 mmHg) were explored for all patients, users and non-users of antihypertensive drugs (AHD). Adjustments were performed for age, sex, diabetes-related variables, p-creatinine, smoking, physical inactivity, depression and medication.
Results
The prevalence of high MSC differed between patients with high and low systolic BP in all 196 patients: 39 vs 13% (P = 0.001); in 60 users of AHD: 37 vs 12% (P = 0.039), and in 136 non-users of AHD: 43 vs 13% (P = 0.012). Significant associations with high systolic BP were for all patients: physical inactivity (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 6.5), high MSC (AOR 3.9), abdominal obesity (AOR 3.7), AHD (AOR 2.9), age (per year) (AOR 1.07), and p-creatinine (per µmol/L) (AOR 1.03); for 60 users of AHD: high MSC (AOR 4.1) and age (per year) (AOR 1.11); for 136 non-users of AHD: abdominal obesity (AOR 27.4), physical inactivity (AOR 14.7), male sex (AOR 9.0), smoking (AOR 7.9), and age (per year) (AOR 1.08). High MSC was not associated with high DBP.
Conclusions
In adult patients with T1D, high systolic BP was associated with physical inactivity, high MSC secretion, abdominal obesity, p-creatinine, age, and AHD, the latter indicating treatment failure.
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of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 ( 3 , 4 ) while in the case of mice, males express greater levels of CYP2D9 ( 2 ). (ii) The sexual dimorphisms in CYP expression are determined by sex differences in the circulating growth hormone (GH) profiles in adulthood. More
