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Supitcha Patjamontri Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand

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Alexander Spiers MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Rachel B Smith MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Mohn Centre for Children’s Health and Wellbeing, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Chen Shen MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Jo Adaway Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Brian G Keevil Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Mireille B Toledano MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Mohn Centre for Children’s Health and Wellbeing, Imperial College London, London, UK

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S Faisal Ahmed Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK

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explore their relationship to pubertal development, with secondary objectives of investigating the effect of sample collection time and the stability of the long-term storage of the samples for measuring the sex steroids in saliva. Methods Study

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Marcus Imamovic Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Nils Bäcklund Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Staffan Lundstedt Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Göran Brattsand Department of Medical Biosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Elisabeth Aardal Department of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

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Tommy Olsson Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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Per Dahlqvist Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden

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). However, salivary cortisol may be falsely elevated due to preanalytical errors including liquorice consumption and contamination with dermal hydrocortisone or blood in the saliva sample ( 11 , 12 , 13 ). Salivary cortisone might be less sensitive to

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B Fabre Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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G Maccallini Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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A Oneto Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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D Gonzalez Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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V Hirschler Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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C Aranda Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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G Berg Clinical Biochemistry Department, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Laboratory, TCba Salguero Laboratory, Hospital Carlos G. Durand Nutrition Unit, INFIBIOC, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Introduction Saliva is a useful sample as a source of hormones for the diagnosis of different diseases, particularly in pediatric patients and aged individuals; the collection of saliva offers a noninvasive and stress-free alternative compared to

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Grethe Å Ueland Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Thea Grinde Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Paal Methlie Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Oskar Kelp Department of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Nordbyhagen, Norway

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Kristian Løvås Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Eystein S Husebye Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
K. G. Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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-reactivity and interference, especially in the lower range of measurements ( 9 , 10 ). Saliva cortisol (sa-cortisol) drawn at late night is commonly used in the diagnostics of overt CS, but is not found useful to reveal low graded cortisol overproduction. Sa

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S U Jayasinghe
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S J Torres
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C A Nowson
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A J Tilbrook Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Livestock and Farming Systems, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Melbourne, Victoria 3125, Australia

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A I Turner
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amylase by the salivary glands (8, 9, 10, 11) . Simple sampling procedures of saliva make salivary alpha amylase a useful non-invasive measure of the SAM system activity (12) . Further advantages of salivary alpha amylase include its concentration being

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Filippo Ceccato Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Elisa Selmin Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Chiara Sabbadin Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Miriam Dalla Costa Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Giorgia Antonelli Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Mario Plebani Laboratory Medicine, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Mattia Barbot Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Corrado Betterle Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Marco Boscaro Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Carla Scaroni Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine DIMED, University-Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy

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assess the adequacy of conv-HC in AI ( 13 , 14 ). Furthermore, recently some authors reported that cortisone (E) measurement in saliva could be used to exclude GC contamination ( 15 , 16 ). Therefore, our aim was to study the F and E rhythm with

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Marloes L P Langelaan Clinical Laboratory, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, Zuyderland Medical Centre, Heerlen, The Netherlands

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Jérôme M H Kisters Department of Internal Medicine, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

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Mirjam M Oosterwerff Department of Internal Medicine, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

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Arjen-Kars Boer Clinical Laboratory, Catharina Hospital Eindhoven, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

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to eat or brush their teeth in a period of 30 min before collection. Samples were centrifuged at 2682  g for 10 min, after which the synthetic swab was removed and collected saliva was stored at −20°C until further analysis. Deuterated internal

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Andrew R Dismukes Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Vanessa J Meyer Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Elizabeth A Shirtcliff Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA

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Katherine P Theall Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Kyle C Esteves Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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Stacy S Drury Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

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for 5min. Next, the committee asked the children to serially subtract numbers out loud. On every failure, the committee interfered, stating ‘That is incorrect. Please start from the beginning’. Saliva collection In order to capture both DHEA

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Ramjan Sanas Mohamed Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Biyaser Abuelgasim Imperial College School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Sally Barker Imperial College School of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Hemanth Prabhudev Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Niamh M Martin Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Karim Meeran Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Emma L Williams Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Sarah Darch Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Whitlock Matthew Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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Tricia Tan Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Florian Wernig Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK

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. Salivary cortisone can be reliably measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) ( 7 ). There is no evidence of 11B-HSD2 activity in collected saliva. Therefore, measurement of salivary cortisone is particularly useful when

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Rafaella Sales de Freitas Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Thiago F A França Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Sabine Pompeia Departamento de Psicobiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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school and included anthropometric measurements, self-rated pubertal status, and saliva and urine samples, which were collected between 10:00 and 16:00 h. Additional information about the methods and measures can be found in the Supplementary Methods file

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