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hypothalamic GnRH secretion. Detection of primary hypogonadism also poses problems. Raised FSH levels are only informative when hypothalamo-pituitary function is sufficiently intact and not when a concurrent central defect is present. Inhibin B has been used as
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hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, primary hypogonadism and functional hypogonadism, which must be considered in adolescents with DP. Hypogonadism and its medical and psychological consequences can be underestimated or overlooked in patients with chronic illness
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patients leading symptom ( 18 , 19 ) coupled with trough blood testosterone concentration together with serum LH and FSH suppression (in primary hypogonadism) to form a composite judgment whether efficacy was adequately maintained at 12 week inter
Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Copenhagen University Hospital – Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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ranges according to sex and age (70 years) for men and women for LH were 4.5 IU/L (1.7–19.0) and 22.7 IU/L (5.5–51.4), respectively ( 18 ) and for FSH were 7.19 IU/L (2.8–44.8) and 61.0 IU/L (13.0–122.4), respectively ( 18 ). Primary hypogonadism among
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Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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increased in men with primary hypogonadism and in menopausal women with osteoporosis; however, a direct effect of FSH on the bone is not easily discernible, as osteoporosis in these cases is easily attributed to low sex hormone levels. Indeed, clinical
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puberty ↑AMH Small testes (onset mid-adolescence) Adolescent usually normal testosterone, but ↑ FSH, LH Speech and behavioral problems Adult primary hypogonadism 47,XYY Tall stature FSH ↑ but not to levels in XXY normal or
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Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden
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manifestations, HT was detected in 23% of subjects, at a relatively young age [16 (2–17) years]. Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) was present in 60% of post-pubertal females. No male had primary hypogonadism, though one patient had isolated hypogonadotropic
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Diabetes Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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Testosterone - Testicles - Primary hypogonadism (congenital abnormalities, acquired diseases) - Secondary hypogonadism (pituitary disease (LH) or hypothalamic disease (GnRH)) Prolactin - Pituitary gland - Micro or macroprolactinoma - Stalk effect
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immunodeficiency syndrome caused by a mutation in the autoimmune regulatory gene. It is characterised by chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis (CMC), hypoparathyroidism, adrenal insufficiency and primary hypogonadism ( 35 ). CMC is a characteristic feature of APECED
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Genetics and Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
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Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Hospital of South West Jutland and University of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
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include all ranges of KS phenotypes. The European Academy of Andrology guidelines on Klinefelter Syndrome recommends that all patients with primary hypogonadism, increased levels of gonadotropins and testis volume < 5 mL, as well as patients with non