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M de Fost Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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S M Oussaada Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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E Endert Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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G E Linthorst Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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M J Serlie Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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M R Soeters Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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J H DeVries Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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P H Bisschop Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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E Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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Introduction Polyuria (diuresis >3 l/day) in the absence of common causes, such as hypercalcemia, hyperglycemia, or relief of urinary tract obstruction, can be caused by diabetes insipidus (DI) or primary polydipsia (PP, also referred to as

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Julie Refardt Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Clara Odilia Sailer Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Bettina Winzeler Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Matthias Johannes Betz Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Irina Chifu Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Ingeborg Schnyder Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Martin Fassnacht Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Central Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Wiebke Fenske Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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for the CODDI-Investigators
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Introduction Polyuria polydipsia syndrome is a common problem in clinical practice with the two main entities being primary polydipsia and central diabetes insipidus ( 1 ). While the pathomechanism of central diabetes insipidus is well known

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Jelena Stankovic Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Kurt Kristensen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Birkebæk Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Esben Søndergaard Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Introduction Disturbances in water homeostasis are highly prevalent and the underlying causes are not always easy to identify. In particular, the differential diagnosis in patients with the polyuria–polydipsia syndrome (PPS) is challenging ( 1

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S E Baldeweg Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University College London NHS Foundation Trust and Univeristy College London, London, UK

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S Ball Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Manchester University Foundation Trust & Manchester Academic Health Science Centre Manchester, Manchester, UK

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A Brooke Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK

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H K Gleeson Department of Endocrinology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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M J Levy University of Leicester and University of Leicester Hospitals Trust, Leicester, UK

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M Prentice Croydon Health Services NHS Trust, Croydon, UK

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J Wass Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Oxford, UK

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the Society for Endocrinology Clinical Committee The Society for Endocrinology, Starling House, 1600 Bristol Parkway North, Bristol, UK

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deficiency results in uncontrolled diuresis. Complete deficiency can lead to polyuria exceeding 10 L/24 h. Given a functioning thirst mechanism and free access to water, patients with CDI can normally maintain adequate fluid balance through increased drinking

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Laura J Reid Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Bala Muthukrishnan Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Dilip Patel Department of Radiology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Mike S Crane Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Murat Akyol Department of Surgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Andrew Thomson Department of Pathology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Jonathan R Seckl Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Fraser W Gibb Edinburgh Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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presentation 610 91/610 (14.9%) Polyuria at presentation 610 95/610 (15.6%) Bone/joint pain at presentation 610 168/610 (27.5%) Previous fracture at presentation 611 100/611 (16.4%) Constipation/abdominal pain at

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Laura Potasso Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Julie Refardt Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Irina Chifu Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg Germany

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Martin Fassnacht Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg Germany
Central Laboratory, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany

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Wiebke Kristin Fenske Integrated Research and Treatment Center for Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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infusions for the differential diagnosis of DI ( 11 ), we aimed to investigate the course of plasma potassium levels during a standardized hypertonic saline infusion test with 3% saline in a large cohort of healthy volunteers and patients with polyuria

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The Working Group for Renaming Diabetes Insipidus
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Hiroshi Arima Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
Japan Endocrine Society

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Timothy Cheetham Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Newcastle University Faculty of Medical Sciences, Great North Children’s Hospital, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland
European Society of Endocrinology

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Deborah Cooper Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Switzerland

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Mark Gurnell European Society of Endocrinology
Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge & Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK

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Juliana B Drummond Faculdade de Medicina da UFMG, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Brazilian Society of Endocrinology and Metabolism

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Miles Levy Endocrinology, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
Society for Endocrinology

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Ann I McCormack Hormones and Cancer Group, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Endocrine Society of Australia

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Joseph Verbalis Endocrinology and Metabolism, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, District of Columbia, USA
Endocrine Society

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John Newell-Price Endocrine Society
Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

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John A H Wass Department of Endocrinology, Oxford Centre for Diabetes Endocrinology & Metabolism – Endocrinology, Oxford, UK
Pituitary Society

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change, it is instructive to review the historical context for the name of diabetes insipidus. The polyuria and polydipsia of diabetes were first described by Demetrius of Apameia (1st–2nd century BC), who used the term ‘diabetes’, meaning ‘passing water

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Jennifer Walsh The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

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Neil Gittoes Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospitals Birmingham & University of Birmingham, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Peter Selby Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK

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the Society for Endocrinology Clinical Committee The Society for Endocrinology, 22 Apex Court, Woodlands, Bradley Stoke, Bristol, UK

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correction due to the risk of dysrhythmia and coma Clinical features of hypercalcaemia Polyuria and thirst Anorexia, nausea and constipation Mood disturbance, cognitive dysfunction, confusion and coma Renal impairment Shortened QT interval

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Tao Yuan Department of Endocrinology & Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, The National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Lanping Jiang Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Chen Chen Department of Pediatrics, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China

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Xiaoyan Peng Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Min Nie Department of Endocrinology & Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, The National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Xuemei Li Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Xiaoping Xing Department of Endocrinology & Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, The National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Xuewang Li Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Limeng Chen Department of Nephrology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China

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Muscle weakness, carpopedal spasm/tetany, muscle stiffness/pain, arthralgia, thirst, paresthesias, palpitations 3 M 20 17 115/70 423 Het Thr304Met Muscle weakness, carpopedal spasm/tetany, nocturia, polyuria, thirst, paresthesias

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Yuan Liu Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, China

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Siyi Guo Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, China

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Jinsong Wu Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, China

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Rongai Wang Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Health Management Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University, Zhejiang, China

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Jinbo Liu Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, China

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Yan Liu Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, China

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Bin Lv Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China

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Nan Liu Department of Thyroid Surgery, General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China

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Ling Jiang Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, China

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Xiaoli Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, China
Key Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shandong Province Medicine & Health, Jinan, China

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by hypercalcemia. Typical symptoms are mainly musculoskeletal (bone pain, fracture), urological (urolithiasis, polyuria, and hematuria), gastrointestinal (nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite), and neuropsychiatric (fatigue, dizziness, and

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