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Introduction Overt hypothyroidism (OH) and subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) are characterized by the coexistence of traditional cardiovascular disease risk factors, insulin resistance (IR), elevated inflammatory markers, altered hemodynamic
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Vascular Laboratory, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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hospital. They were classified into three groups: Group I: Forty patients with overt hypothyroidism (high serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and reduced FT4). Group II: Thirty patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (high serum TSH with normal FT4
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limit of its pregnancy-specific reference range, when free T4 is within its reference range. Epidemiology of hypothyroidism during pregnancy The prevalence of overt hypothyroidism during pregnancy has been described as about 1–3%, with a higher
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= 15), overt hypothyroidism group (OH, n = 15) and SCH group ( n = 15). Rats in the OH and SCH groups were treated by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 3% pentobarbital sodium (0.1 mL/100 g) and underwent thyroidectomy. CON rats underwent sham
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, People's Hospital of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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Department of Laboratory Medical, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People’s Republic of China
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). A previous large cohort study in America used trimester-specific references to classify the definition of hypothyroidism in pregnancy and found that 15.5% of pregnant women had increased TSH during pregnancy, of which 2.4% were overt hypothyroidism
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presence of hypothyroidism was defined as a TSH value >5.91 µIU/mL with (overt hypothyroidism) or without (subclinical hypothyroidism) decreased FT3 or FT4 levels. Statistical analysis Statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism 5
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While subclinical or overt hypothyroidism are common in Down syndrome (DS); Graves’ disease (GD) is rare (ranges 0.6–3%). We aimed to evaluate the clinical features, course, and treatment of GD in children with DS and compare them with those without DS. Among 161 children with GD, 13 (8 female, 5 male) had DS (8%). Data were collected retrospectively from patients’ medical records. The mean age at diagnosis was 10.6 ± 4.5 years, with a female-to-male ratio 1.6:1. The main symptoms were weight loss (n = 6), increased irritability (n = 3), and increased sweating (n = 3). None had orbitopathy. Seven of 11 patients with a thyroid ultrasound at diagnosis had a goitre. On admission, all had thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) <0.01 mU/L (normal range (NR): 0.51–4.30), free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine (mean ± s.d .), and thyrotrophin receptor antibodies (median, range) were 22.2 ± 10.2 pmol/L (NR: 3.5–8.1), 50.2 ± 18.7 pmol/L (NR 12.6–20.9), and 17.0 (2.89–159.0) U/L (NR <1), respectively. Patients were treated either with methimazole (n = 10) or carbimazole (n = 3), a dose of 0.54 ± 0.36 mg/kg/day. The treatment was ‘block and replace’ in ten patients and ‘dose titration’ in three patients, with a mean duration of 43.4 ± 11.0 months. Of 13 patients, four are still receiving primary treatment, three are in remission, one patient had two medically treated recurrences, three underwent surgery without complications, and two patients were lost to follow-up. Our data show that the clinical course of GD in patients with DS was similar to those without DS and suggest that a prolonged medical therapy should be the preferred option.
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overt hypothyroidism ( 1 , 2 ). Ultrasound examination is a major imaging detection technique for thyroid diseases and often shows a diffuse hypoechoic or heterogeneous thyroid in AIT patients. However, it is difficult for ultrasound examination to
Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
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Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
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diagnoses: overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, overt thyrotoxicosis, subclinical thyrotoxicosis and non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) and/or effect of drugs. It is impossible to differentiate between the latter two based on thyroid function
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Introduction Overt hypothyroidism is known to increase the cardiovascular disorders, and thus there is a consensus to treat it ( 1 , 2 , 3 ), as with hyperparathyroidism ( 4 ). However, it remains controversial whether that is also true for
