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Xiaoyi Qi Departments of Cardiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China

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Liangxian Qiu Departments of Cardiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China

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Shijia Wang Departments of Cardiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China

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Xiongbiao Chen Departments of Cardiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China

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Qianwen Huang Departments of Cardiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China

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Yixuan Zhao Departments of Cardiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
Medical College, Shantou University, Shantou, China

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Kunfu Ouyang Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China

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Yanjun Chen Departments of Cardiology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China

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cardiovascular events (MACE), or in-hospital mortality; and (v) studies published in English. Our search strategy was therefore: (heart failure OR heart decompensation OR congestive heart failure OR HF) AND (non-thyroidal illness syndrome OR NTIS OR low T 3

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Josi Vidart Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Intensive Care Unit, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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Paula Jaskulski Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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Ana Laura Kunzler Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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Rafael Aguiar Marschner Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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André Ferreira de Azeredo da Silva Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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Simone Magagnin Wajner Thyroid Section, Endocrine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

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–pituitary–thyroid function. These changes, collectively known as ‘non-thyroidal illness syndrome‘ (NTIS) or ‘low T3 syndrome’ are characterized by low plasma concentrations of the biologic active hormone triiodothyronine (T3), low or normal plasma concentrations of thyroxine

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Amir Bashkin Department of Endocrinology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel

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Eliran Yaakobi Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel

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Marina Nodelman Department of Endocrinology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel

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Ohad Ronen Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel
Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel

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diagnoses: overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, overt thyrotoxicosis, subclinical thyrotoxicosis and non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) and/or effect of drugs. It is impossible to differentiate between the latter two based on thyroid function

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Dimitra Argyro Vassiliadi Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, National Expertise Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Ioannis Ilias Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Elena Venizelou Hospital, Elena Venizelou Square, Athens, Greece

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Maria Pratikaki 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Edison Jahaj 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Alice G Vassiliou 1st Department of Critical Care, GP Livanos & M Simou Laboratories, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Maria Detsika 1st Department of Critical Care, GP Livanos & M Simou Laboratories, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Kleio Ampelakiotou Department of Immunology and Histocompatibility Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Marina Koulenti Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, National Expertise Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Konstantinos N Manolopoulos Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, National Expertise Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Stamatis Tsipilis 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Evdokia Gavrielatou 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Aristidis Diamantopoulos Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, National Expertise Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Alexandros Zacharis 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Nicolaos Athanasiou 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Stylianos Orfanos 2nd Department of Critical Care Medical School National & Kapodistrian University of Athens Attikon University Hospital, Athens-Haidari, Greece

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Anastasia Kotanidou 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Stylianos Tsagarakis Department of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, National Expertise Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Ioanna Dimopoulou 1st Department of Critical Care & Pulmonary Services, Medical School National & Kapodistrian, Evangelismos Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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, barrier when assessing severely or critically ill patients is the fact that these patients often display thyroid hormone alterations in the context of non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) ( 22 ). Therefore, we conducted an observational study of thyroid

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Erika Biegelmeyer Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

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Iury Scanagata Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

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Laura Alves Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

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Murilo Reveilleau Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

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Fernando Pereira Schwengber Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

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Simone Magagnin Wajner Internal Medicine Division, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Internal Medicine Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul

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-thyroidal illness in the ICU: a syndrome with different faces . Thyroid 2014 24 1456 – 1465 . ( https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2014.0201 ) 3 de Vries EM Fliers E Boelen A . The molecular basis of the non-thyroidal illness syndrome . Journal of

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Paraskevi Kazakou Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Stavroula A Paschou Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Theodora Psaltopoulou Unit of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Maria Gavriatopoulou Unit of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Eleni Korompoki Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Katerina Stefanaki Endocrine Unit, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Fotini Kanouta Department of Endocrinology, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Georgia N Kassi Department of Endocrinology, Alexandra Hospital, Athens, Greece

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Meletios-Athanasios Dimopoulos Unit of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Asimina Mitrakou Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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’ storm ( 76 , 89 ). Another potential explanation could be an underlying non-thyroidal illness syndrome or euthyroid sick syndrome, which is often caused by critical illness ( 93 ). This is characterized by normal or low serum TSH and T3 levels, with

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Clara Lundetoft Clausen Center of Research & Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark

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Åse Krogh Rasmussen Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Trine Holm Johannsen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Linda Maria Hilsted Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Niels Erik Skakkebæk Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Pal Bela Szecsi Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark

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Lise Pedersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Holbæk Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark

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Thomas Benfield Center of Research & Disruption of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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in 9.5% of patients which is comparable to – although in the high end of – the general population at any given time ( 18 ). Lastly, 1.7% of patients were found to have non-thyroidal illness syndrome. In this study, IL-8, IL-10, IL-15, IP-10, and GM

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John E M Midgley
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Rolf Larisch North Lakes Clinical, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Department I, Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), 20 Wheatley Avenue, Ilkley LS29 8PT, UK

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Johannes W Dietrich North Lakes Clinical, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Department I, Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), 20 Wheatley Avenue, Ilkley LS29 8PT, UK
North Lakes Clinical, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Department I, Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), 20 Wheatley Avenue, Ilkley LS29 8PT, UK

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Rudolf Hoermann North Lakes Clinical, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Department I, Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), 20 Wheatley Avenue, Ilkley LS29 8PT, UK

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not compromised in any way by problematic conditions such as the non-thyroid illness syndrome, as the study was conducted in a cohort of otherwise ‘healthy’ out-patients without relevant comorbidity. There was no evidence for a potential bias stemming

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Madalena von Hafe Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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João Sergio Neves Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal

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Catarina Vale Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Marta Borges-Canha Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal

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Adelino Leite-Moreira Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2003 88 3202 – 3211 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-022013 ) 10.1210/jc.2002-022013 72 Warner MH Beckett GJ . Mechanisms behind the non-thyroidal illness syndrome: an update . Journal of Endocrinology

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Arno Téblick Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Lies Langouche Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Greet Van den Berghe Clinical Division and Laboratory of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Pauwels L Verbruggen S Wouters P Langouche L Garcia Guerra G , et al . Non-thyroidal illness syndrome in critically ill children: prognostic value and impact of nutritional management . Thyroid 2019 29 480 – 492 . ( https://doi.org/10

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