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). Neoplastic effects of ghrelin have been reported as well including: cell proliferation, cell migration, cell invasion, inflammation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis ( 17 , 18 , 19 ). Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are rare tumors characterized by the
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Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) arise from the many cells of the diffuse endocrine system, which possess unique functions and the potential for hormone production. As such, NETs represent a heterogeneous group of tumors with variable
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Background Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a rare group of tumors that develop from neuroendocrine cells and peptidergic neurons with endocrine functions and express neuroendocrine markers. NETs can occur in any body part, but they occur most
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Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) make up a heterogeneous group of neoplasms stemming from the diffuse endocrine system (DES) ( 1 ). Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP-NETs) represent a subdivision, most commonly
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Introduction Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous family of neoplasms that originate from cells belonging to the widespread neuroendocrine system. These cells appear to be ubiquitous in the human body, but the main sites are the
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Introduction Small intestinal neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) arise from enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal tract, which are small and slow-growing (Ki67 proliferation index is often <2%) tumors with annual incidence of 1 per 100
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Introduction Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs), also known as islet cell tumors, are rare neoplasms arising from the endocrine pancreas, with a reported incidence of <1 per 100,000 persons per year ( 1 , 2 ). However, the incidence of
Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Introduction Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors comprise a variety of tumors, originating from stem cells in the gastrointestinal canal and pancreatic islets. An incidence of approximately 5 per 100,000 person-years is often
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grading of panNENs ( 3 ), high-grade neoplasms were separated into two categories: well-differentiated (WD) pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor grade 3 (panNET-G3) and poorly differentiated (PD) NEC ( 4 ). PanNET-G3 frequently harbors mutations in MEN1 and
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Introduction Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (GEP NETs) are rare and heterogeneous tumors which may vary according to their biological, functional, and clinical behavior (1) . Chromogranin A (CgA) and the Ki-67 proliferation index are