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Amarjit Saini Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Linda Björkhem-Bergman Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Departments of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Johan Boström Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Mats Lilja Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Michael Melin Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Karl Olsson Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Lena Ekström Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Peter Bergman Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Mikael Altun Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Eric Rullman Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Thomas Gustafsson Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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satellite cell (SC) niche, i.e. myoblast stem cells ( 22 ). Adult skeletal muscle is terminally differentiated and in response to injury, a local pool of SCs situated beneath the basal lamina surrounding each myofibre proliferate ( 23 ). Their progeny

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Selina Mäkinen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Neeta Datta Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Yen H Nguyen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Petro Kyrylenko Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Markku Laakso Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

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Heikki A Koistinen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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-exposure to lactone- and acid-form simvastatin were measured by detecting extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in primary human myoblasts with Seahorse analyzer. Data (in mpH/min/20,000 cells) are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. from six men. *** P < 0.001 vs

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Selina Mäkinen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Neeta Datta Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Yen H Nguyen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Petro Kyrylenko Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Markku Laakso Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

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Heikki A Koistinen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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trypsinisation and maintained in high-glucose (3150 mg/L, 17.5 mmol/L) DMEM/F12 supplemented with 20% (v/v) FBS, 1% (v/v) penicillin–streptomycin and 1% (v/v) amphotericin B, as described ( 23 ). Primary myoblasts were purified from non-myogenic cells with CD56

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Melissa Braga Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Zena Simmons Department of Health & Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Keith C Norris Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Monica G Ferrini Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Health & Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Jorge N Artaza Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Health & Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

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C12 cells ( 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ). Mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle myoblast cells are an ‘ in vitro ’ cell line, which is widely used to study genes that regulate muscle growth and differentiation ( 15 , 16 ). Satellite cells, also known as ‘skeletal

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Flavia Letícia Martins Peçanha Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Reinaldo Sousa dos Santos Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Wagner Seixas da-Silva Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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myoblast cell line was obtained from BCRJ (Banco de Células do Rio de Janeiro) and certified to be free from mycoplasma contamination. The cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 100 nmol/L sodium selenite

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Róża Aleksandrowicz Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Bialystok, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland

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Marek Strączkowski Department of Prophylaxis of Metabolic Diseases, Bialystok, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Poland

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, differentiation, and connection of myoblasts, making the regeneration of skeletal muscle possible ( 14 , 17 ). As a result of the COL4A1 gene mutation, the secretion of the COL4A1, A2, and A3 trimers may be disturbed, which leads to abnormalities, such as

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Xu-Ting Song Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology

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Jia-Nan Zhang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology

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Duo-Wei Zhao Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology

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Yu-Fei Zhai Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology

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Qi Lu Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology

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Mei-Yu Qi Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China

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Ming-Hai Lu Department of Animal Science, Heilongjiang State Farms Science Technology Vocational College, Harbin, China

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Shou-Long Deng CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

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Hong-Bing Han Beijing Key Laboratory of Animal Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

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Xiu-Qin Yang Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology

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Yu-Chang Yao Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Education Department of Heilongjiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology

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myoblast proliferation and muscle repair. During skeletal muscle injury, IGF1 Ea is responsible for satellite cell differentiation, whereas IGF1 Ec is responsible for satellite cell activation and proliferation ( 16 , 17 ). Different splicing patterns of

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Selina Mäkinen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
University of Helsinki, Department of Medicine, and Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Yen H Nguyen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
University of Helsinki, Department of Medicine, and Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Paulina Skrobuk Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
University of Helsinki, Department of Medicine, and Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Heikki A Koistinen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
University of Helsinki, Department of Medicine, and Abdominal Center, Endocrinology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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bovine serum (FBS), 1% penicillin, 1% streptomycin and 1% fungizone. Primary myoblasts were separated from non-myogenic cells with CD56-coupled magnetic beads (Miltenyi Biotec, Gologne, Germany). To obtain myotubes, myoblasts at 80% confluence were

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Fernanda A Correa Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Ericka B Trarbach Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Cintia Tusset Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Ana Claudia Latronico Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Luciana R Montenegro Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Luciani R Carvalho Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Marcela M Franca Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Aline P Otto Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Everlayny F Costalonga Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Vinicius N Brito Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Ana Paula Abreu Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Mirian Y Nishi Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Alexander A L Jorge Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Ivo J P Arnhold Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Yisrael Sidis Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Nelly Pitteloud Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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Berenice B Mendonca Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Unidade de Endocrinologia Genética, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Division of Endocrinology, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42

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of FGFR1 mutants was assessed using L6 myoblast cells as described previously (15) . In brief, cells were transiently transfected with WT or altered FGFR1c expression vector in combination with the osteocalcin FGF response element luciferase reporter

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Miranda Scharff Department of Endocrinology and Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Chantal Maria Wiepjes Department of Endocrinology and Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Maartje Klaver Department of Endocrinology and Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Thomas Schreiner Department of Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Guy T’Sjoen Department of Endocrinology & Center for Sexology and Gender, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Martin den Heijer Department of Endocrinology and Center of Expertise on Gender Dysphoria, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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effect on myoblast proliferation and myoblast differentiation, and testosterone increases the number of satellite cells, which promotes protein synthesis of muscle mass ( 16 ). Thus, testosterone plays an important role in muscle mass and muscle strength

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