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Yuerong Yan Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Lili You Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Xiaoyi Wang Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Zhuo Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Feng Li Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Hongshi Wu Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Muchao Wu Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Jin Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Jiayun Wu Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Caixia Chen Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Xiaohui Li Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Biwen Xia Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Mingtong Xu Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Li Yan Department of Endocrinology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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.004  Yes 0.58 (7/1208) 1.87 (24/1283)  No 99.42 (1201/1208) 98.13 (1259/1283) Urinary iodine concentration (μg/L) 120.80 (83.10, 170.20) 136.0 (93.00, 192.00) <0.001 Iodine status (%) <0.001  Insufficient 36

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Verônica Carneiro Borges Mioto Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Ana Carolina de Castro Nassif Gomes Monteiro Ultrasound Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Rosalinda Yossie Asato de Camargo Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Andréia Rodrigues Borel Clinic of the Paraisópolis Community Einstein Project, Jewish School of Health Sciences Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Regina Maria Catarino Hematology and Biochemistry, Center of Pathology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Sergio Kobayashi Ultrasound Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Maria Cristina Chammas Ultrasound Unit, Department of Radiology, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Suemi Marui Thyroid Unit, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil

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Introduction Iodine status is a global health concern, particularly in developing countries, and emphasis should be placed on diagnosis and correction at the community level rather than the individual due to the high impact in child

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Simona Censi Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Laura Salmaso Clinical Governance Unit, Azienda Zero, Veneto Region, Italy

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Filippo Ceccato Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Jacopo Manso Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy

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Ugo Fedeli Clinical Governance Unit, Azienda Zero, Veneto Region, Italy

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Mario Saia Clinical Governance Unit, Azienda Zero, Veneto Region, Italy

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Caterina Mian Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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associated with nodular goiter is quite well understood and thus the decrease in nodular goiter incidence with the improvement of iodine status is expected. The mechanism is slow and could take decades to go from euthyroidism to subclinical hyperthyroidism

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Line Tang Møllehave Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark

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Marie Holm Eliasen Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark

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Ieva Strēle The Institute of Occupational Safety and Environmental Health, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia

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Allan Linneberg Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Rodrigo Moreno-Reyes Nuclear Medicine Department, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium
Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Ludmila B Ivanova Faculty of Medicine, Sofia University St. Kl. Ohridski, Sofia, Bulgaria

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Zvonko Kusić Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia

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Iris Erlund Department of Government Services, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland

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Till Ittermann Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Endre V Nagy Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Clinical Nutrition, Landspitali-National University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Jonathan Eli Arbelle Division of Medicine, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
Goldman School of Medicine, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel

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Aaron Milton Troen The Institute of Biochemistry Food Science and Nutrition, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel

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Valdis Pīrāgs Internal Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

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Lisbeth Dahl Seafood, Nutrition and Environmental State, Institute of Marine Research (IMR), Bergen, Norway

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Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, Poland

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Malgorzata Trofimiuk-Müldner Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University, Medical College, Cracow, Poland

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João Jacome de Castro Endocrine Department, Armed Forces Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal

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Mafalda Marcelino Endocrine Department, Armed Forces Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal

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Simona Gaberšček Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Katja Zaltel Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

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Manuel Puig-Domingo Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Germans Trias Research Institute and Hospital, Badalona, Spain
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

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Lluis Vila Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, Hospital Moisés Broggi, Sant Juan Despi, Barcelona, Spain

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Sofia Manousou Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
Frölunda Specialist Hospital, Västra Frölunda, Sweden

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Helena Filipsson Nyström Department of Endocrinology, Specialist Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Internal Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Michael Bruce Zimmermann Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

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Karen R Mullan Regional Centre for Endocrinology and Diabetes, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK

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Jayne Valerie Woodside Centre for Public Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK

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Henry Völzke Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Betina Heinsbæk Thuesen Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Frederiksberg, Denmark

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. In many countries, the assessment of median urinary iodine concentration in representative population samples is used to classify the iodine status and to steer IDD prevention programs. While this approach is relatively simple, it is not sufficient to

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Hana Vítková Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

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Kateřina Anderlová Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

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Jan Krátký Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

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Radovan Bílek Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic

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Drahomíra Springer Institute of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

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Felix Votava Department of Children and Adolescents, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Kralovske Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic

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Tomáš Brutvan Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

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Adéla Krausová Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

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Kristýna Žabková Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

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Eliška Potluková University Center of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland and University of Basel, Switzerland

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Jan Jiskra Third Department of Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

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-stimulating hormone (TSH). Whereas thyroid volume and serum thyroglobulin indicate iodine nutrition over months or years, UIC and neonatal serum TSH reflect recent changes in iodine status and serve as sensitive markers of current iodine intake. Since the 1990s

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Laszlo Samson Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Ildiko Hircsu Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Monika Katko Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Miklos Bodor Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Annamaria Gazdag Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Andrea Anett Gazso Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
Doctoral School of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Bela Kovacs Institute of Food Science, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Janos Posta Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Eszter Balogh Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Peter Mocsary Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Harjit Pal Bhattoa Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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Endre V Nagy Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary

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recommended method to assess iodine status at the population level ( 23 ). A median concentration of more than 150 and 100 µg/L urinary iodine indicates iodine sufficiency of pregnant and lactating women, respectively ( 6 ). In spot urine samples

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Ning Yao Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Chunbei Zhou Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Jun Xie Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Xinshu Li Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Qianru Zhou Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Jing Chen Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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Shuang Zhou Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, People’s Republic of China

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pregnancy. It is important to launch regular, well-coordinated and high-quality surveillance of iodine status in the most vulnerable group that provides accurate information on the current IDD situation. Goiter prevalence in school aged children and median

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Kjersti S Bakken Women’s Clinic, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway
Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Kristina Randjelovic Nermo Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Microbiology, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway

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Bjørn Gunnar Nedrebø Department of Medicine, Haugesund Hospital, Haugesund, Norway
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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Tim I M Korevaar Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Tor A Strand Center for International Health, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Research, Innlandet Hospital Trust, Lillehammer, Norway

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of health ( 23 ). A recent observational study from Norway found that pregnant and postpartum women with mild-to-moderate iodine deficiency had altered thyroid function ( 24 ). However, they found no clear association between iodine status and thyroid

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Xin He Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China

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Qin Yan Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China

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Chazhen Liu Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China

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Zhengyuan Wang Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China

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Ping Liao Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China

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Tong Liu Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China

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Zehuan Shi Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China

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Qi Song Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China

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Xueying Cui Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China

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Wenjing Wang Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China

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Jiajie Zang Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China

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was to investigate the relationship between trimester-specific maternal thyroid function and birth weight and birth outcomes, on the premise of considering iodine status, reference range of thyroid hormones, and thyroid autoimmunity of pregnant women

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Nikolina Zdraveska University Children’s Hospital Skopje, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia

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Maja Zdravkovska Institute of Patophysiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia

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Violeta Anastasovska University Children’s Hospital Skopje, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia

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Elena Sukarova-Angelovska University Children’s Hospital Skopje, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia

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Mirjana Kocova University Children’s Hospital Skopje, Faculty of Medicine, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia

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population, variations in iodine supply, endocrine-disrupting chemicals exposure etc. ( 3 ). A recently published study accessing the iodine status through TSH measurements on newborn screening reported iodine sufficiency in Macedonia ( 21 ). Considering

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