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Jose M Garcia GRECC VA Puget Sound HCS/University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA

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Beverly M K Biller Massachusetts General Hospital, Neuroendocrine Unit, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Márta Korbonits Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Endocrinology, London, UK

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Vera Popovic University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia

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Anton Luger Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University, General Hospital, Vienna, Austria

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Christian J Strasburger Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Clinical Endocrinology CCM, Berlin, Germany

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Philippe Chanson Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, and Université Paris-Saclay, Univ. Paris-Sud, Inserm, Signalisation Hormonale, Physiopathologie Endocrinienne et Métabolique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Ronald Swerdloff The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA

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Christina Wang The Lundquist Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA

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Rosa Rosanna Fleming Strongbridge Biopharma, Trevose, Pennsylvania, USA

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Fredric Cohen Strongbridge Biopharma, Trevose, Pennsylvania, USA

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Nicola Ammer Aeterna Zentaris GmbH, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany

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Gilbert Mueller Aeterna Zentaris GmbH, Frankfurt, Hessen, Germany

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Nicky Kelepouris Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA

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Frank Strobl Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA

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Vlady Ostrow Novo Nordisk Inc., Plainsboro, New Jersey, USA

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Kevin C J Yuen University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, Arizona, USA

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, 19 , 20 ). The current gold standard GHST advocated by several consensus guidelines is the insulin tolerance test (ITT) ( 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ). However, the widespread use of the ITT is limited by several factors ( 22 ), including the requirement

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0491
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 1
Open access
Jelena Stankovic Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Kurt Kristensen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Birkebæk Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Esben Søndergaard Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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release and thereby disinhibit GH release ( 11 ), but the mechanisms whereby arginine stimulates copeptin and AVP secretion remain unclear. Hypoglycemia also stimulates GH and copeptin secretion, and the insulin tolerance test (ITT) is used in the

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0042
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 11
Open access
Kevin C J Yuen Departments of Neuroendocrinology and Neurosurgery, Barrow Neurological Institute, University of Arizona College of Medicine and Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, United States

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Gudmundur Johannsson Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Ken K Y Ho The Garvan Institute of Medical Research and the Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia

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Bradley S Miller Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Minnesota Medical School, M Health Fairview Masonic Children’s Hospital, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States

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Ignacio Bergada Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET-FEI-División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Alan D Rogol Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States

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, growth hormone deficiency; GHRH, growth hormone-releasing hormone; ITT, insulin tolerance test. Growth hormone stimulation tests Insulin tolerance test The insulin tolerance test (ITT) remains the accepted ‘gold standard’ test for

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0504
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 7
Open access
Shane M Regnier Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Andrew G Kirkley University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Daniel Ruiz Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Chicago, Illinois, USA
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Wakanene Kamau University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Qian Wu Wadsworth Center, New York Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA

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Kurunthachalam Kannan Wadsworth Center, New York Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA

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Robert M Sargis Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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manufacturer’s instructions (Millipore). Intraperitoneal insulin tolerance test (IP-ITT) After 10 weeks of exposure, mice were fasted for 3 h beginning at 09:00 h. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured as above. Mice then received an IP injection

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0320
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 1
Open access
Yael Sofer Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Nava Nevo Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel

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Michal Vechoropoulos Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Gabi Shefer Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Etty Osher Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Nathan Landis Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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Karen Tordjman
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Geoffrey L Hammond Departments of Cellular & Physiological Sciences and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

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Naftali Stern Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

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and 120 min after the injection of glucose. Similarly, an insulin tolerance test (ITT) was carried out with an intra-peritoneal injection of insulin (Humalog, 0.75 U/kg; Eli Lilly) and subsequent measurement of glucose at same time points. Blood

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0240
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 1
Open access
Marko Stojanovic Neuroendocrinology Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia

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Zida Wu Department of Medicine for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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Craig E Stiles Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Dragana Miljic Neuroendocrinology Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia

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Ivan Soldatovic University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia
Insitute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Belgrade, Serbia

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Sandra Pekic Neuroendocrinology Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia

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Mirjana Doknic Neuroendocrinology Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia

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Milan Petakov Neuroendocrinology Department, Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia

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Vera Popovic University of Belgrade, Medical Faculty, Belgrade, Serbia

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Christian Strasburger Department of Medicine for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany

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Márta Korbonits Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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s.e. (age and BMI) or as % (gender). a t -test; b Chi-square test. GHD was defined by the GH peak in insulin tolerance test (ITT) <3.0 ng/mL or in the presence of multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies and IGF-1 below the age- and

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0082
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 4
Open access
Mette Marie Baunsgaard Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Anne Sophie Lind Helligsoe Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Louise Tram Henriksen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Torben Stamm Mikkelsen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Michael Callesen Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Funen, Denmark

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Britta Weber The Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Henrik Hasle Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Birkebæk Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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patients ( 21 , 24 ). Therefore, children treated with CR are recommended a growth hormone (GH) stimulation test after reaching final height ( 21 , 25 ). One of the most sensitive and specific tests for GHD in youths is the insulin tolerance test (ITT

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0365
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 2
Open access
Ling Zhou Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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Ruixue Zhang Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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Shuangyan Yang Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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Yaguang Zhang Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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Dandan Shi Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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collected. The study was approved by the ethics committee of Cangzhou Central Hospital. Glucose and insulin tolerance test On day 15 and GD 15, mice were subjected to glucose and insulin tolerance tests, respectively, as previously described ( 2

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0295
Volume/Issue:
Volume 9: Issue 9
Open access
Huiyuan Zhai Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Dongxu Wang Department of Geriatrics, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Yong Wang Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Hongwei Gu Central Laboratory, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Juan Jv Department of Cardiology, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Liangliang Yuan Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Chao Wang Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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Leiyao Chen Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Affiliated with Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China

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tolerance tests After 6 weeks of administration, mice underwent an insulin tolerance test, wherein 1 unit/kg human insulin was intraperitoneally injected following a 4-h fast ( 30 ). Blood samples were collected from the tail vein at 0 (just before insulin

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0379
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 5
Open access
Souad Daamouch Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Sylvia Thiele Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Lorenz Hofbauer Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Martina Rauner Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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approved all animal procedures. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests The glucose tolerance test (GTT) was evaluated after overnight fasting by measuring blood glucose levels after 15, 30, 60, 90, and 180 min after administering 2g/L glucose i

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Bone and Mineral Metabolism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0251
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 11
Open access