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Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
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German Center of Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
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Introduction Chemerin, also known as tazarotene-induced gene 2 protein (TIG2) and retinoic acid receptor responder 2 (RARRES2), is a 14-kDa chemoattractant protein known to modulate immune system function through its binding to the chemerin
Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain
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Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
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Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain
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Networking Biomedical Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
Ramón y Cajal Institute of Sanitary Research (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
University Center of Defense of Madrid (CUD-ACD), Madrid, Spain
Immune System Diseases-Rheumatology and Oncology Service, University Hospital Príncipe de Asturias, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Wound healing is a complex process that can be severely impaired due to pathological situations such as diabetes mellitus. Diabetic foot ulcers are a common complication of this pathology and are characterized by an excessive inflammatory response. In this work, the effects of local treatment with recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) were studied using a full-thickness wound healing model in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Wound healing process was assessed with different concentrations of rhEGF (0.1, 0.5, 2.0 and 8.0 µg/mL), placebo and both diabetic and non-diabetic controls (n = 53). The macroscopic healing observed in treated diabetic rats was affected by rhEGF concentration. Histologically, we also observed an improvement in the epithelialization, granulation tissue formation and maturation in treated groups, finding again the best response at doses of 0.5 and 2.0 µg/mL. Afterwards, the tissue immune response over time was assessed in diabetic rats using the most effective concentrations of rhEGF (0.5 and 2.0 µg/mL), compared to controls. The presence of macrophages, CD4+ T lymphocytes and CD8+ T lymphocytes, in the reparative tissue was quantified, and cytokine expression was measured by quantitative real-time PCR. rhEGF treatment caused a reduction in the number of infiltrating macrophages in the healing tissue of diabetic, as well as diminished activation of these leukocytes. These findings show that local administration of rhEGF improves the healing process of excisional wounds and the quality of the neoformed tissue in a dose-dependent manner. Besides, this treatment reduces the local inflammation associated with diabetic healing, indicating immuno-modulatory properties.
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various factors, including hormones and neurotransmitters. In the recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the role of these factors as immunomodulators in bidirectional communication with the immune system ( 11 ). In some cancers, it has
CEB – Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Universidade do Minho, Braga, Portugal
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CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde & Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Gandra, Portugal
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immune system ( 79 , 80 ). AMPs are evolutionarily conserved molecules of the innate immune system present in all complex organisms ( 81 ). As many other AMPs, cathelicidin has a modest antimicrobial activity against a broad range of pathogens
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tumor microenvironment, which allows us to understand how the immune system orchestrates itself to contain neoplastic progression ( 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ). Initially, neoplastic cells are identified and destroyed by the immune system; however
Postgraduation Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Postgraduation Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Postgraduation Program in Medical Sciences: Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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the infiltrating immune system. T1DM development is slow, providing a potentially long window of time in which it is possible to identify and theoretically treat individuals at risk ( 2 , 3 ). The first sign of autoimmunity against beta
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Department of Pharmacology, Department of Biology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Room 4061 of KLSIC Building, 2146 West 39th Street, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
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Introduction Many earlier studies have shown that estrogens are important modulators of immune system functions. It was demonstrated that although physiological levels of estrogens are immunostimulatory, high or super-physiological levels of
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several bioactive fragments, which exert a broad spectrum of regulatory activities by influencing the endocrine, the cardiovascular, and the immune systems and by affecting the glucose or calcium homeostasis ( Fig. 2 A) (20) . Some peptides exert similar
School of Nursing, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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circulation include 3epi-25D and sulphated and glucuronide forms of 25D. Intracrine synthesis of 1,25D from 25D in tissues such as the placenta, spleen (immune system) and lungs is associated with immunomodulatory effects. Endocrine synthesis of 1,25D in the
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Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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in the immune system during social defeat indicates that the local effect of glucocorticoids follows both the systemic patterns of glucocorticoid synthesis by the adrenal gland and the local regeneration of corticosterone catalyzed by 11HSD1 via its
