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Izabelle Lövgren Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Azadeh Abravan Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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Abigail Bryce-Atkinson Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Marcel van Herk Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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radiation on a tumour cell. Radiation exposure often causes DNA strand breaks in the tumour cell, typically leading to cell death ( 3 ). Figure created with BioRender.com. The hypothalamic–pituitary axis Within the brain, the hypothalamus and

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0298
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 12
Open access
Rebeca Esquivel-Zuniga Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

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Alan D Rogol Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

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Hypogonadism is a clinical syndrome resulting from failure to produce physiological concentrations of sex steroid hormones with accompanying symptoms, such as slowed growth and delayed pubertal maturation. Hypogonadism may arise from gonadal disease (primary hypogonadism), dysfunction of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis (secondary hypogonadism) or functional hypogonadism. Disrupted puberty (delayed or absent) leading to hypogonadism can have a significant impact on both the physical and psychosocial well-being of adolescents with lasting effects. The diagnosis of hypogonadism in teenagers can be challenging as the most common cause of delayed puberty in both sexes is self-limited, also known as constitutional delay of growth and puberty (CDGP). Although an underlying congenital cause should always be considered in a teenager with hypogonadism, acquired conditions such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, other chronic diseases and medications have all been associated with low sex steroid hormone levels. In this review, we highlight some forms of functional hypogonadism in adolescents and the clinical challenges to differentiate normal variants from pathological states.

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Paediatric Endocrinology
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0190
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 11
Open access
Judith Gebauer Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Luebeck, Germany

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Claire E Higham Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK

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specialists. Topics will cover bone health, growth hormone deficiency, the impact of different radiotherapy techniques on the hypothalamic–pituitary axis, risk assessment for second cancers, as well as strategies for international collaboration and different

Article Type:
Editorial
Collections:
Hormones and Cancer
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0261
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 9
Open access
Jonneke J Hollanders Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Bibian van der Voorn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Noera Kieviet Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry Obstetrics Pediatrics Expert Center, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Koert M Dolman Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry Obstetrics Pediatrics Expert Center, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Yolanda B de Rijke Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Erica L T van den Akker Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus MC Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Joost Rotteveel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Adriaan Honig Department of Pediatrics, Psychiatry Obstetrics Pediatrics Expert Center, OLVG West, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Psychiatry, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Martijn J J Finken Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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5 Brosnan PG. The hypothalamic pituitary axis in the fetus and newborn . Seminars in Perinatology 2001 25 371 – 384 . ( doi:10.1053/sper.2001.29038 ) 10.1053/sper.2001.29038 11778908 6 McLean M Smith R. Corticotrophin

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0179
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 8
Open access
Ichelle Maa van Roessel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Boudewijn Bakker Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Hanneke M van Santen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, AB Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Wassim Chemaitilly Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, UPMC Children’s Hospitalof Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

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decreased thyroid function due to the injury of the thyroid gland itself rather than the hypothalamic–pituitary axis that controls it. Primary hypothyroidism has been reported in 14.7% of CCS and may occur after thyroid surgery or radiation to the neck ( 30

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0382
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 1
Open access
Marcus Quinkler Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany

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Bertil Ekman Departments of Endocrinology and Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

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Claudio Marelli Shire International GmbH, Zug, Switzerland

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Sharif Uddin Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA

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Pierre Zelissen Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Robert D Murray Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK

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on behalf of the EU-AIR Investigators
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necessary to induce negative feedback on adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion in hypothalamic–pituitary axis regulation ( 10 ). The discrepancy between pure receptor binding and the biological effect might be explained in part by the fact that

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-16-0081
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 1
Open access
Fiona Broughton Pipkin Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK

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Hiten D Mistry Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK

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Chandrima Roy Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK

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Bernhard Dick Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK

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Jason Waugh Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK

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Rebecca Chikhi Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK

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Lesia O Kurlak Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK

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Markus G Mohaupt Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Department of Nephrology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG5 1PB, UK

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Introduction The fetal adrenal gland and hypothalamic–pituitary axis (HPA) play important roles during pregnancy. Between weeks 32 and 34 of gestation, there is a rapid maturation of the fetal adrenal cortex, allowing development of a variety of

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-15-0084
Volume/Issue:
Volume 4: Issue 4
Open access
Aline Stangherlin Martins Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Ann Kristine Jansen Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Luiz Oswaldo Carneiro Rodrigues Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Camila Maria Matos Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Marcio Leandro Ribeiro Souza Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Juliana Ferreira de Souza Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Maria de Fátima Haueisen Sander Diniz Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Sandhi Maria Barreto Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Leonardo Mauricio Diniz Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Nilton Alves de Rezende Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Vincent Michael Riccardi Neurofibromatosis Outpatient Reference Center, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Medical Clinic, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, The Neurofibromatosis Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Alameda Álvaro Celso 55, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

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Hegedus B Yeh TH Lee DY Emnett RJ Li J Gutmann DH . Neurofibromin regulates somatic growth through the hypothalamic–pituitary axis . Human Molecular Genetics 2008 17 2956 – 2966 . ( doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn194 ). 29 van de Sande-Lee SV

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-15-0102
Volume/Issue:
Volume 5: Issue 1
Open access
Andrea V Haas Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Paul N Hopkins Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA

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Nancy J Brown Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA

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Luminita H Pojoga Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Jonathan S Williams Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Gail K Adler Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Gordon H Williams Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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used various cortisol measurement techniques (morning plasma, salivary, post-dexamethasone suppression, 24-h urine) that assess distinct aspects of the hypothalamic–pituitary–axis. An emerging new technique that may also be of use is measurement of hair

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0182
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 6
Open access
Boni Xiang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Ran Tao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xinhua Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xiaoming Zhu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Min He Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zengyi Ma Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yehong Yang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zhaoyun Zhang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yiming Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zhenwei Yao Department of Radiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yongfei Wang Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Hongying Ye Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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presentation includes reddish purple striae, plethora, proximal muscle weakness and metabolic disorders (central obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia). The inhibitory effect of hypercortisolemia on the hypothalamic–pituitary axis is most

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0309
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 8
Open access