Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
IMED Biotech Unit, Clinical Discovery Unit, AstraZeneca, UK
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Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Centre, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Department of Nuclear Medicine, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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Introduction Hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (HH) is uncommon in otherwise healthy adults due to the existence of robust counter-regulatory homeostatic mechanisms that defend against falling blood glucose concentrations. A clinical diagnosis
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Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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accompanied by long-term complications such as postprandial hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (PHH) ( 2 , 3 ). PHH typically occurs 1–3 h after a meal and can lead to autonomic and neuroglycopenic symptoms such as sweating, palpitations, hunger and drowsiness
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Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lægerne på Ellemarksvej, Køge, Denmark
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Department of Cardiology, Herlev-Gentofte University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
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Lund University Diabetes Centre, Skåne University Hospital, Malmø, Sweden
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Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine (FIMM), Helsinki University, Helsinki, Finland
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, NNF Center for Basic Metabolic Research, The Panum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
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Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Introduction Patients with type 1 diabetes are at daily risk of events of severe hypoglycaemia ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ). The distribution of these events is much skewed with a minority of subjects accounting for the vast majority of
Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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human insulin analogues ( 1 ), especially in Asian populations ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ). Different from insulin autoimmune syndrome (IAS, also called Hirata disease), which is a condition characterized by spontaneous hypoglycaemia and is
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Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
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Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary’s Hospital, London, UK
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increasing prevalence of bariatric surgery, clinicians are increasingly encountering complications of surgery ( 2 ). One such complication is post-bariatric hypoglycaemia (PBH) ( 3 ). PBH is usually defined as post-prandial hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia
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in insulin resistant states such as obesity and type 2 diabetes ( 3 ), whereas results in patients with PCOS are conflicting ( 4 , 5 , 6 ). Reactive hypoglycaemia (RH) is defined as a drop in blood glucose levels 1½–5 h after food consumption
Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Changsha, Hunan, China
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neuropathy ( 3 ). However, adverse events, such as severe hypoglycaemia and weight gain, are also strongly associated with long-term administration of insulin ( 4 ). To overcome this shortcoming, the development of new therapy agents is urgently needed
INSERM U1018, Université Paris Sud, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Bât 15/16, 16 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94807 Paris, Villejuif Cedex, France
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been inconclusive (12) . Recent randomised controlled trials (RCTs) show that intensive glycaemic control does not have beneficial effects on the rate of cognitive decline (13, 14, 15, 16) . The increased frequency of hypoglycaemia in patients treated
Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Mediclinic Airport Road Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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to dehydration, fatigue, dizziness, hypoglycaemia, and hypotension ( 2 , 3 ). Given such, several at-risk groups (i.e. the elders, the pregnant, and the sick) have been exempted from fasting. Despite the ease in restrictions, many with critical
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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glucose metabolism ( 2 ). It is well known that acute alcohol ingestion increases the risk of hypoglycaemia; most likely due to inhibitory effects of alcohol on hepatic gluconeogenesis ( 3 ). In addition, it is well known that chronic alcohol consumption