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  • "human chorionic gonadotrophin" x
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Sakina Kherra CHU Parnet Hopital, Algiers, Algeria

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Wendy Forsyth Paterson Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Yorkhill, Glasgow, UK

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Filiz Mine Cizmecioglu Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Department, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey

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Jeremy Huw Jones Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Mariam Kourime Abderrahim Harouchi Hôpital, Casablanca, Morocco

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Heba Hassan Elsedfy Pediatrics Department, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt

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Sameh Tawfik Department of Pediatrics, Maadi Hospital, Cairo, Egypt

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Andreas Kyriakou Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Mohamad Guftar Shaikh Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children Glasgow, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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Malcolm David Cairns Donaldson Section of Child Health, Glasgow University School of Medicine, Glasgow, UK

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( n  = 8/7), scrotal ( n  = 2/2), not specified ( n  = 17/22) ( Fig. 2 ). Figure 2 Gonadal status in 56 males with Prader–Willi syndrome in relation to initial testicular position, response to treatment with human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG

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R H M Dykgraaf Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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S Schalekamp-Timmermans Division of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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M C Adank Division of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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S A A van den Berg Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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B M N van de Lang-Born Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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T I M Korevaar Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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A Kumar Ansh Labs, Webster, Texas, USA

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B Kalra Ansh Labs, Webster, Texas, USA

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G V Savjani Ansh Labs, Webster, Texas, USA

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E A P Steegers Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Division of Obstetrics and Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Y V Louwers Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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J S E Laven Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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. Placental biomarkers such as soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT), human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG), and placental growth factor (PLGF) are known to be important representatives of placental (dys)function ( 21 ). These biomarkers have been associated

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Willem de Ronde Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands

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Diederik L Smit Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Haarlem, the Netherlands

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This review summarizes 10 years experience with male abusers of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS). The typical user of AAS is male, aged between 20 and 40 and lifting weights. Illegal AAS are cheap and easily obtained via internet or local suppliers. AAS are mostly used in cycles with a duration between 6 and 18 weeks. Most AAS cycles contain multiple agents, used simultaneously in a dose vastly exceeding a substitution dose. A variety of other performance and image-enhancing drugs are commonly used, including human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, tamoxifen, clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotrophin. Short-term clinical and biochemical side effects are well established. Long-term side effects are uncertain, but may include heart failure, mood-and anxiety disorders, hypogonadism and subfertility. We share our views on the management of common health problems associated with AAS abuse.

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Jennifer K Y Ko Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China

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Jinghua Shi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, China

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Raymond H W Li Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China

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William S B Yeung Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China

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Ernest H Y Ng Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China

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cetrorelix (Cetrotide®, Merck) 250 µg daily starting from the sixth day of stimulation. The initial dose of stimulation was determined according to the baseline antral follicle count (AFC). Human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) (Pregnyl® 5000 or 10,000 units or

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Bogumila Urgatz Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

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Kris G Poppe University Hospital CHU Saint Pierre, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium

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Diagnosis of hypothyroidism during pregnancy Evolution of normal thyroid function during pregnancy Circulating levels of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) increase from about 11 days post conception, reach a peak around the end of the

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Tristan Avril Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Bicetre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR DevGen, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France

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Quentin Hennocq Datascience platform, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France

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Anne-Sophie Lambert Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Bicetre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR DevGen, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France

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Juliane Leger Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France
Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Santé, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France

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Dominique Simon Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France

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Laetitia Martinerie Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Robert Debré, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR de la Croissance et du Développement, Paris, France
Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Santé, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
Inserm UMR1185, Le Kremlin Bicetre, Paris, France

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Claire Bouvattier Pediatric Endocrinology Department, CHU Bicetre, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Reference Center for Rare Disease CRMR DevGen, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
Inserm UMR1185, Le Kremlin Bicetre, Paris, France
Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France

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modalities of gonadotropins administration in two groups of CHH boys, treated during the mini-pubertal period. Multi-weekly injections of recombinant human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) and FSH for 3 months was the first modality (injection group). Continuous

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Estelle Bonnet Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service d’endocrinologie pédiatrique, Bron, France

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Mathias Winter Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service de psychopathologie du développement, Bron, France
Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Centre de biologie et pathologie Est, Service d’hormonologie, d’endocrinologie moléculaire et des maladies rares, Bron, France

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Delphine Mallet Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Centre de biologie et pathologie Est, Service d’hormonologie, d’endocrinologie moléculaire et des maladies rares, Bron, France

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Ingrid Plotton Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service Endocrinologie Moléculaire et Maladies Rares, Bron, France

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Claire Bouvattier Centre Hospitalier Universitaire AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’endocrinologie pédiatrique Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Maryse Cartigny Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Unité d’Endocrinologie pédiatrique Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Lille, France

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Laetiti Martinerie Centre Hospitalier Universitaire AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, Service d’Endocrinologie pédiatrique Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares Endocriniennes de la Croissance et du Développement – CRMERC Université de Paris, Paris, France

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Michel Polak Centre Hospitalier Universitaire AP-HP, Hôpital universitaire Necker Enfants malades, Endocrinologie gynécologie diabétologie pédiatriques Centre de référence des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du développement Inserm U1016, institut Imagine, Paris, France

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Anne Bachelot Centre Hospitalier Universitaire AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes Rares de la Croissance et du Développement Centre de Référence des pathologies gynécologiques rares IE3M, Paris, France

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Frédéric Huet Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Dijon-Bourgogne, Hôpital d’Enfants, Service de Pédiatrie Multidisciplinaire, Dijon, France

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Sabine Baron Centre Hospitalier universitaire de Nantes, Hôpital Mère-Enfant, Service de Pédiatrie, Nantes, France

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Muriel Houang Centre Hospitalier Universitaire AP-HP, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Endocriniennes, Paris, France

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Sylvie Soskin Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, CHU Hautepierre, Service de Pédiatrie 1, Strasbourg, France

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Anne Lienhardt Centre hospitalier universitaire Limoges, Hôpital de la Mère et de l’enfant, Service de Pédiatrie, Limoges, France

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Jérôme Bertherat Groupement Hospitalier Universitaire de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Cochin, Service d'Endocrinologie, Paris, France

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Cyril Amouroux Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Service de Néphrologie et Endocrinologie Pédiatrique Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Montpellier, France

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Aurore Bouty Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service de chirurgie Uro-viscérale et de Transplantation de l’Enfant, Bron, France

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Lise Duranteau AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Unité de gynécologie de l’adolescente Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

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Rémi Besson Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Service de chirurgie pédiatrique Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Lille, France

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Alaa El Ghoneimi Centre Hospitalier Universitaire AP-HP Robert Debré, Service de Chirurgie Viscérale et Urologie pédiatrique Centre de Référence des Maladies Endocriniennes de la croissance et du développement – CRMERC Université de Paris, Paris, France

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Dinane Samara-Boustani Centre Hospitalier Universitaire AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants malades, Endocrinologie gynécologie diabétologie pédiatriques Centre de référence des maladies endocriniennes rares de la croissance et du développement, Paris, France

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François Becmeur Hospitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, CHU Hautepierre, Service de chirurgie pédiatrique, Strasbourg, France

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Nicolas Kalfa Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Service de Chirurgie Viscérale et Urologie Pédiatrique Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du Développement Génital Constitutif Sud Institut Debrest de Santé Publique IDESP, UMR INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France

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Françoise Paris Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Hôpital Lapeyronie, Service de Néphrologie et Endocrinologie Pédiatrique Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Montpellier, France

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François Medjkane Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire Lille, Hôpital Jeanne de Flandre, Service de psychiatrie de l’enfant et de l’adolescent Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Lille, France

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Aude Brac de la Perrière Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Service d’endocrinologie, Bron, France

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Patricia Bretones Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service d’endocrinologie pédiatrique, Bron, France
Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France

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Hervé Lejeune Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service de médecine de la reproduction, Bron, France
Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France

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Marc Nicolino Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service d’endocrinologie pédiatrique, Bron, France
Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France

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Pierre Mouriquand Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service de chirurgie Uro-viscérale et de Transplantation de l’Enfant, Bron, France
Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France

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Daniela-Brindusa Gorduza Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service de chirurgie Uro-viscérale et de Transplantation de l’Enfant, Bron, France

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Claire-Lise Gay Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, Service d’endocrinologie pédiatrique, Bron, France
Centre National de Référence Maladies Rares du développement génital du fœtus à l’adulte DEV-GEN, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France

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determination of the testosterone/DHT ratio (elevated at baseline and/or after human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) stimulation test in SRD5A2 deficiency) and of the testosterone/androstenedione ratio (low at baseline and after hCG stimulation test in HSD17B3

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Lauren Bell Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

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Ann Louise Hunter Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

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Angelos Kyriacou Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
CEDM Centre of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Limassol, Cyprus

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Annice Mukherjee Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

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Akheel A Syed Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Endocrinology & Diabetes, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford, UK

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adenoma and less commonly by thyroiditis, administration of iodinated contrast ( 2 ), immune checkpoint inhibitors ( 3 ), and extra-thyroidal causes such as struma ovarii, factitious thyrotoxicosis, trophoblastic tumours producing human chorionic

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Leqi He Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xiaoying Li Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zaoping Chen Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Wei Wang Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Kai Wang Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xinmei Huang Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Qian Yang Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Wencai Ke Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jun Liu Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Bingbing Zha Department of Endocrinology, Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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chorionic gonadotrophin alpha and beta subunits can be assessed throughout human pregnancy using immunoradiometric assays calibrated with the unaltered and thermally dissociated heterodimer . Journal of Endocrinology 1994 140 513 – 520 . ( https

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Nathalie Ly Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development, Reference Center for Gynecological Rare Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
EndoERN, APHP Consortium Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Necker Hospital, Paris, France

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Sophie Dubreuil Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development, Reference Center for Gynecological Rare Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
EndoERN, APHP Consortium Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Necker Hospital, Paris, France

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Philippe Touraine Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Medicine, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Diseases of Growth and Development, Reference Center for Gynecological Rare Diseases, Hôpitaux Universitaires Pitié Salpêtrière-Charles Foix, Paris, France
EndoERN, APHP Consortium Pitie Salpetriere Hospital, Necker Hospital, Paris, France
Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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production by corpus luteum ( 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 ), both directly and synergistically with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) action. GH also has a role on oocyte quality. In vivo , Mendoza et al. show a positive

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