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IR, promoting the development of PCOS ( 2 ). The interrelation between gut microbiota and PCOS is attracting increased attention. Compared with healthy women, Lindheim et al . ( 3 ) found that the abundance of ML615J-28 and 124-7 from phylum
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abundance of gut microbiota ( Table 1 ). After metformin treatment on obese mice, the total amount of SCFAs in feces increased; the number of Akkermansia muciniphila , Clostridium cocleatum and the phylum Bacteroidetes elevated; the number of Prevotella
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‘Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions’ Department, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, The ‘Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology’, ‘Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System’ Department, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian Federation
‘Research of Age and Age-Associated Conditions’ Department, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, The ‘Russian Clinical Research Center for Gerontology’, ‘Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases Primary Prevention in the Healthcare System’ Department, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, National Research Centre for Preventive Medicine, Building 10, Petroverigskiy Lane, Moscow RF 101000, Russian Federation
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592 million by 2035 (5) . Recently, it has been established that the human gut microbiota (GM) plays key roles in health maintenance. The GM is altered in the development of chronic inflammation, T2DM, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and many other
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colonic neuromuscular function and motility via excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, nitric oxide, and VIP, respectively) ( 8 , 9 , 10 ). For decades, research has focused on the role of the gut microbiota in ENS homeostasis and
Department of Endocrinology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
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interactions between the thyroid gland and the intestinal flora have been reported only rarely. Although Zhou et al. found that alterations in the diversity and similarity of the gut microbiota occurred in hyperthyroid patients compared with healthy
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Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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W Guan Y Shen D , et al. A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes . Nature 2012 490 55 – 60 . ( https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11450 ) 2 Guarner F & Malagelada JR . Gut flora in health and disease
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intervention and evaluation components of the study. References 1 Tremaroli V Bäckhed F . Functional interactions between the gut microbiota and host metabolism . Nature 2012 489 242 – 249 . ( https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11552 ) 2 Salah M Azab M
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1. Viruses (rubella, enteroviruses) 2. Diet (cow’s milk, cereals, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D) 3. Gut microbiota D. Immunologic factors 1. Immune tolerance (central, peripheral, Tregs) 2. Cellular immunity
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Department of Endocrinology, Quanzhou First Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, China
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showed gut microbiota-dependent TMAO may be associated with the development of T2DM. The addition of TMAO to the diet has been reported to increase fasting insulin levels and insulin resistance in mice, exacerbating impaired glucose tolerance ( 9 ). TMAO
AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany
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/dysbiota/metabolome The intestinal microbiota can be considered as an endocrine network. Although neglected by the endocrinologists for decades, gut microbiota microbiome represent an important endocrine organ that converts nutritional messages from the intestinal lumen