David J F Smith
David J F Smith
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Search for other papers by David J F Smith in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by David J F Smith in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Hemanth Prabhudev
Hemanth Prabhudev
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Search for other papers by Hemanth Prabhudev in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hemanth Prabhudev in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Sirazum Choudhury
Sirazum Choudhury
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
Search for other papers by Sirazum Choudhury in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
Search for other papers by Sirazum Choudhury in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Karim Meeran
Karim Meeran
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
Search for other papers by Karim Meeran in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Imperial College London, London, UK
Search for other papers by Karim Meeran in
Google Scholar
PubMed
mineralocorticoid production in primary adrenal failure. The mainstay of treatment is glucocorticoid replacement, with either hydrocortisone or prednisolone ( 2 ). Both work by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) for which prednisolone has the greater
Natacha Driessens
Natacha Driessens
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Endocrinology, Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium
Search for other papers by Natacha Driessens in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Natacha Driessens in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Madhu Prasai
Madhu Prasai
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Endocrinology, Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium
Search for other papers by Madhu Prasai in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Madhu Prasai in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Orsalia Alexopoulou
Orsalia Alexopoulou
Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
Search for other papers by Orsalia Alexopoulou in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Orsalia Alexopoulou in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Christophe De Block
Christophe De Block
Department of Endocrinology-Diabetology-Metabolism, Universitair Ziekenhuis Antwerpen & University of Antwerp, Drie Eikenstraat, Edegem, Belgium
Search for other papers by Christophe De Block in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Christophe De Block in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Eva Van Caenegem
Eva Van Caenegem
Department of Endocrinology, Academisch Ziekenhuis Sint-Jan Brugge – Oostende AV, Ruddershove, Brugge, Belgium
Search for other papers by Eva Van Caenegem in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Eva Van Caenegem in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Guy T’Sjoen
Guy T’Sjoen
Department of Endocrinology, Ghent Universitary Hospital, C. Heymanslaan, Gent, Belgium
Search for other papers by Guy T’Sjoen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Guy T’Sjoen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Frank Nobels
Frank Nobels
Department of Endocrinology, Onze-Lieve Vrouw Ziekenhuis, Moorselbaan, Aalst, Belgium
Search for other papers by Frank Nobels in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Frank Nobels in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Christophe Ghys
Christophe Ghys
Department of Endocrinology, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Laarbeeklaan, Brussels, Belgium
Search for other papers by Christophe Ghys in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Christophe Ghys in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Laurent Vroonen
Laurent Vroonen
Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques Universitaires de Liège, Avenue de l’hôpital, Liège, Belgium
Search for other papers by Laurent Vroonen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Laurent Vroonen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Corinne Jonas
Corinne Jonas
Department of Endocrinology, CHU UCL Namur - Godinne, Avenue Docteur Gaston Thérasse, Yvoir, Belgium
Search for other papers by Corinne Jonas in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Corinne Jonas in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Bernard Corvilain
Bernard Corvilain
Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (HUB), CUB Hôpital Erasme, Department of Endocrinology, Route de Lennik, Brussels, Belgium
Search for other papers by Bernard Corvilain in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Bernard Corvilain in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Dominique Maiter
Dominique Maiter
Department of Endocrinology, Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc, Brussels, Belgium
Search for other papers by Dominique Maiter in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Dominique Maiter in
Google Scholar
PubMed
countries ( 1 ) and the lowest in Japan. Despite the advent of glucocorticoid replacement therapy in the early 1950s, life expectancy remains lower than in the general population ( 2 ), with increased morbidity and impaired quality of life ( 3 , 4
Lia Ferreira
Lia Ferreira
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by Lia Ferreira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Lia Ferreira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
João Silva
João Silva
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital das Forças Armadas, Lisboa, Portugal
Search for other papers by João Silva in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by João Silva in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Susana Garrido
Susana Garrido
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar Tâmega e Sousa, Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by Susana Garrido in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Susana Garrido in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Carlos Bello
Carlos Bello
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisboa, Portugal
Search for other papers by Carlos Bello in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Carlos Bello in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Diana Oliveira
Diana Oliveira
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Search for other papers by Diana Oliveira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Diana Oliveira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Hélder Simões
Hélder Simões
Department of Endocrinology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisboa, Portugal
Search for other papers by Hélder Simões in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hélder Simões in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Isabel Paiva
Isabel Paiva
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Search for other papers by Isabel Paiva in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Isabel Paiva in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Joana Guimarães
Joana Guimarães
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar do Baixo Vouga, Aveiro, Portugal
Search for other papers by Joana Guimarães in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Joana Guimarães in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Marta Ferreira
Marta Ferreira
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
Search for other papers by Marta Ferreira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Marta Ferreira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Teresa Pereira
Teresa Pereira
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar de Leiria, Leiria, Portugal
Search for other papers by Teresa Pereira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Teresa Pereira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Rita Bettencourt-Silva
Rita Bettencourt-Silva
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by Rita Bettencourt-Silva in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Rita Bettencourt-Silva in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Ana Filipa Martins
Ana Filipa Martins
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
Search for other papers by Ana Filipa Martins in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ana Filipa Martins in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Tiago Silva
Tiago Silva
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Garcia da Orta, Lisboa, Portugal
Search for other papers by Tiago Silva in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Tiago Silva in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Vera Fernandes
Vera Fernandes
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
Search for other papers by Vera Fernandes in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Vera Fernandes in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Maria Lopes Pereira
Maria Lopes Pereira
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
Search for other papers by Maria Lopes Pereira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Maria Lopes Pereira in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Adrenal Tumors Study Group of the Portuguese Society of Endocrinology
Adrenal Tumors Study Group of the Portuguese Society of Endocrinology
Department of Endocrinology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Porto, Portugal
Search for other papers by Adrenal Tumors Study Group of the Portuguese Society of Endocrinology in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Adrenal Tumors Study Group of the Portuguese Society of Endocrinology in
Google Scholar
PubMed
glucocorticoids in patients with AD. Furthermore, symptoms and electrolyte disturbances at the last appointment were evaluated. A comparative analysis was performed to investigate the type of glucocorticoid replacement and aetiology, mean daily hydrocortisone
Sirazum Choudhury
Sirazum Choudhury
Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Commonwealth Building, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Search for other papers by Sirazum Choudhury in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Search for other papers by Sirazum Choudhury in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Tricia Tan
Tricia Tan
Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Commonwealth Building, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Search for other papers by Tricia Tan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Search for other papers by Tricia Tan in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Katharine Lazarus
Katharine Lazarus
Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Commonwealth Building, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Search for other papers by Katharine Lazarus in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Search for other papers by Katharine Lazarus in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Karim Meeran
Karim Meeran
Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, Commonwealth Building, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Search for other papers by Karim Meeran in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
Search for other papers by Karim Meeran in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Introduction Between 1928 and 1938, patients with Addison’s disease had a 100% 5-year mortality ( 1 ). With the availability of glucocorticoid replacement therapy, initially with animal adrenocortical extract and later synthetic 11
Salem A Beshyah
Salem A Beshyah
Department of Medicine, Dubai Medical College, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Mediclinic Airport Road Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Search for other papers by Salem A Beshyah in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Mediclinic Airport Road Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Search for other papers by Salem A Beshyah in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Khawla F Ali
Khawla F Ali
Department of Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland Medical University of Bahrain, Adliya, Bahrain
Search for other papers by Khawla F Ali in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Khawla F Ali in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Hussein F Saadi
Hussein F Saadi
Department of Endocrinology, Medical Subspecialties Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Search for other papers by Hussein F Saadi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Hussein F Saadi in
Google Scholar
PubMed
therapy? (Once daily (full dose), Twice daily, Three times daily, Four times daily). 5. How do you perceive the impact of Ramadan fasting (RF) on adrenal insufficiency and its management (There is no concern on glucocorticoid replacement therapy
Marcus Quinkler
Marcus Quinkler
Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany
Search for other papers by Marcus Quinkler in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Marcus Quinkler in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Bertil Ekman
Bertil Ekman
Departments of Endocrinology and Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
Search for other papers by Bertil Ekman in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Bertil Ekman in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Claudio Marelli
Claudio Marelli
Shire International GmbH, Zug, Switzerland
Search for other papers by Claudio Marelli in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Claudio Marelli in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Sharif Uddin
Sharif Uddin
Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA
Search for other papers by Sharif Uddin in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Sharif Uddin in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Pierre Zelissen
Pierre Zelissen
Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
Search for other papers by Pierre Zelissen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Pierre Zelissen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Robert D Murray
Robert D Murray
Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK
Search for other papers by Robert D Murray in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Robert D Murray in
Google Scholar
PubMed
on behalf of the EU-AIR Investigators
on behalf of the EU-AIR Investigators
Search for other papers by on behalf of the EU-AIR Investigators in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by on behalf of the EU-AIR Investigators in
Google Scholar
PubMed
glucocorticoid replacement therapies ( 21 ). The primary objective of the EU-AIR is to monitor the safety of long-term treatment with once-daily modified-release hydrocortisone and other glucocorticoid replacement therapies in patients with AI. All enrolled
Ditte Sofie Dahl Sørensen
Ditte Sofie Dahl Sørensen
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for other papers by Ditte Sofie Dahl Sørensen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Ditte Sofie Dahl Sørensen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jesper Krogh
Jesper Krogh
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for other papers by Jesper Krogh in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jesper Krogh in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Åse Krogh Rasmussen
Åse Krogh Rasmussen
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for other papers by Åse Krogh Rasmussen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Åse Krogh Rasmussen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Mikkel Andreassen
Mikkel Andreassen
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Search for other papers by Mikkel Andreassen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Mikkel Andreassen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
profiles in adult patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency have shown a substantial circadian rhythm highly influenced by glucocorticoid replacement ( 6 ). Most recent clinical guideline from the US Endocrine Society suggests levels of androstenedione and 17
Sophie Howarth
Sophie Howarth
Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Search for other papers by Sophie Howarth in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Search for other papers by Sophie Howarth in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Luca Giovanelli
Luca Giovanelli
Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Search for other papers by Luca Giovanelli in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Luca Giovanelli in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Catherine Napier
Catherine Napier
Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Search for other papers by Catherine Napier in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Catherine Napier in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Simon H Pearce
Simon H Pearce
Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Search for other papers by Simon H Pearce in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Endocrinology, The Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Search for other papers by Simon H Pearce in
Google Scholar
PubMed
within 4 weeks of diagnosis, one study demonstrated a >50% reduction in endogenous steroid production in the 4 weeks after starting glucocorticoid replacement ( 25 ). The nature of Addison’s disease means that endogenous steroid replacement is likely to
Stephanie Burger-Stritt
Stephanie Burger-Stritt
Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
Search for other papers by Stephanie Burger-Stritt in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Stephanie Burger-Stritt in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Linda Bachmann
Linda Bachmann
Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
Search for other papers by Linda Bachmann in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Linda Bachmann in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Max Kurlbaum
Max Kurlbaum
Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
Search for other papers by Max Kurlbaum in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Max Kurlbaum in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Stefanie Hahner
Stefanie Hahner
Endocrinology and Diabetes Unit, Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
Search for other papers by Stefanie Hahner in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Stefanie Hahner in
Google Scholar
PubMed
outcomes with current glucocorticoid replacement therapy . Clinical Endocrinology 2015 82 2 – 11 . ( https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12603 ) 10.1111/cen.12603 25187037 25 Jenkins JS Sampson PA . Conversion of cortisone to cortisol and prednisone to
Johan G Beun
Johan G Beun
AdrenalNET, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Johan G Beun in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Johan G Beun in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Pia Burman
Pia Burman
Department of Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
Search for other papers by Pia Burman in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Pia Burman in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Olle Kämpe
Olle Kämpe
Department of Medicine (Solna), Centre for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Search for other papers by Olle Kämpe in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Search for other papers by Olle Kämpe in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Eystein S Husebye
Eystein S Husebye
Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Search for other papers by Eystein S Husebye in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Search for other papers by Eystein S Husebye in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Stephanie Hahner
Stephanie Hahner
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Germany
Search for other papers by Stephanie Hahner in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Stephanie Hahner in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Jette Kristensen
Jette Kristensen
Addison Foreningen i Danmark, Denmark
Search for other papers by Jette Kristensen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Jette Kristensen in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Alida Noordzij
Alida Noordzij
AdrenalNET, The Netherlands
Search for other papers by Alida Noordzij in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Alida Noordzij in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Per Dahlqvist
Per Dahlqvist
Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
Search for other papers by Per Dahlqvist in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Search for other papers by Per Dahlqvist in
Google Scholar
PubMed
Adrenal insufficiency is a life-threatening condition requiring chronic glucocorticoid replacement therapy, as well as stress adaptation to prevent adrenal crises. To increase patients’ self-sustainability, education on how to tackle an adrenal crisis is crucial. All patients should carry the European Emergency Card.
