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with genistein being one of the most potent so-called phytoestrogens ( 23 ). With regard to ESR-binding activities, genistein binds to both ESR1 and ESR2 and activates these receptors but like BPA has some selectivity for ESR2 ( 24 ). Moreover
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) and ethinyl oestradiol (EE) (20) , as well as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) and acetaminophen (21) . Natural chemicals such as genistein, a phytoestrogen (22) and heavy metals (23) can also have endocrine-disruptive effects
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they may reduce menopausal symptoms, and several studies show that they can be a safe alternative to hormone replacement therapies ( 50 ). The consumption of isoflavones from soy, such as genistein, can improve serum lipid profile in postmenopausal
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. Genistein administered as a once-daily oral supplement had no beneficial effect on the tibia in rat models for postmenopausal bone loss . Menopause 2013 677 – 686 . ( https://doi.org/10.1097/gme.0b013e31827d44df ) 23385720 6 Seeman E . Bone
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, progesterone, and genistein inhibit oocyte nest breakdown and primordial follicle assembly in the neonatal mouse ovary in vitro and in vivo . Endocrinology 2007 148 3580 – 3590 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2007-0088 ) 17446182 10.1210/en.2007-0088 34