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Bjarke R Medici Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jeppe L la Cour Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Martin Krakauer Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Andreas Brønden Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Mette P Sonne Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens J Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens F Rehfeld Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Medicine, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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knowledge, not been directly addressed. Notably, the abovementioned studies did not measure appetite and food intake, and thus, we hypothesized that levothyroxine substitution therapy – despite its REE-increasing effect – may induce mechanisms preserving or

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Caishun Zhang Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Junhua Yuan Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Qian Lin Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Manwen Li Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Liuxin Wang Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Department, Yuhuangding Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Yantai, China

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Rui Wang Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Xi Chen Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Zhengyao Jiang Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Kun Zhu Intensive Care Unit Department, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Xiaoli Chang Institute of Acupuncture, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China

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Bin Wang Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
Medical Microbiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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Jing Dong Special Medicine Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
Physiology Department, College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China

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the latter has become an increasingly recognized region involved in the control of food intake and energy balance. Abundant direct nerve projections are present between LPBN and hypothalamus or brainstem. Moreover, many feeding relevant peptides

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M Langeveld University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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C Y Tan University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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M R Soeters University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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S Virtue University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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G K Ambler Cambridge Vascular Unit, Addenbrookes Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, UK

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L P E Watson University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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P R Murgatroyd University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK
NIHR/Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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V K Chatterjee University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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A Vidal-Puig University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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whether increasing energy expenditure through mild cold exposure is accompanied by an increase in appetite and food intake. Cold exposure is known to increase food and energy intake in a wide range of animal species, e.g., piglets, rats and birds ( 7 , 8

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Rajae Talbi Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Victor M Navarro Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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melanocortin receptors, MC3R and MC4R, with MC4R being the primary receptor mediating the metabolic action of melanocortins ( 28 , 29 ). On the other hand, the orexigenic AgRP and NPY peptides – both produced in AgRP neurons – increase food intake and decrease

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Patricia Arroyo Tardio University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Gabriela Baldini University Clinic of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland

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Eleonora Seelig University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
University Clinic of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland

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that modulates this circadian cortisol rhythm. The cortisol peak in response to food intake was first described in the 1970s and has been repeatedly reproduced in normal-weight subjects ( 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ). In lean populations, cortisol levels rise

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Marie Oertel Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Christian G Ziegler Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Michael Kohlhaas Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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Alexander Nickel Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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Simon Kloock Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Christoph Maack Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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Vasco Sequeira Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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Martin Fassnacht Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Ulrich Dischinger Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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, the success of RYGB lies in changes of gut hormone levels relevant for food intake behavior. Elevated levels of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and oxyntomodulin were

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Clarissa Souza Barthem Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Camila Lüdke Rossetti Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Denise P Carvalho Laboratório de Fisiologia Endócrina Doris Rosenthal, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Wagner Seixas da-Silva Laboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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found in the literature that is able to ameliorate some cardiovascular parameters, protect against mitochondria damage, decrease insulin levels, food intake, body weight gain, serum triglycerides, increase glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity ( 18

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Shane M Regnier Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Pritzker School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Andrew G Kirkley University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
Committee on Molecular Pathogenesis and Molecular Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Daniel Ruiz Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Chicago, Illinois, USA
University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Wakanene Kamau University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Qian Wu Wadsworth Center, New York Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA

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Kurunthachalam Kannan Wadsworth Center, New York Department of Health, Albany, New York, USA

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Robert M Sargis Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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 < 0.05. In prior studies using a standard laboratory chow diet, TF altered fuel utilization preference and metabolic flexibility while disrupting diurnal rhythms of energy expenditure and food intake ( 21 ). To expand upon these findings

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Shiori Minabe Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
Division of Biomedical Information Analysis, Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Disaster Reconstruction Center, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Japan

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Kinuyo Iwata Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan

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Youki Watanabe Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan

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Hirotaka Ishii Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan

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Hitoshi Ozawa Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
Faculty of Health Science, Bukkyo University, Kyoto, Japan

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KNDy system contributes to the reproductive disorder in prenatally undernourished rats. Additionally, body weight (BW), food intake, accumulation of visceral adiposity, and plasma triglyceride levels as an indicator of metabolic status were assessed

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Jing Li School of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, China

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Xuejie Yi Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Tao Li Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Tingting Yao School of Physical Education, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, China

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Dongyang Li Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Guangxuan Hu Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Yongqi Ma Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Bo Chang Exercise and Health Research Center, Department of Kinesiology, Laboratory Management Center, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Shicheng Cao Department of Sports Medicine, School of Public and Basic Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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amount of diet and ate freely. The diets of OD and ODE mice were controlled to 70% of the food intake of OC mice ( 24 ). This type of diet control program without affecting the normal nutritional status of the mice prevents mice from fighting manically

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