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differences and better reveal the shape of the daily rhythm. The goodness of fit of the group mean data to a 24-h sine wave was calculated using cosinor analysis. Glucose, TAG and all the hormones, except for visfatin, displayed a significant diurnal rhythm in
Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Department of Nursing Physiotherapy and Medicine, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
Biomedical Research Unit, Torrecárdenas University Hospital, Almería, Spain
CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet Campus Flemingsberg, Neo Building, Huddinge, Sweden
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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diurnal rhythm in mice, with the highest uptake of triglyceride (TG)-derived FA by BAT at the onset of the active period, independent of environmental temperature ( 10 ). In humans, previous research has shown that glucose uptake by BAT might be higher in
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Context
Studies on 24-h cortisol secretion are rare. The impact of sex, age and adiposity on cortisol levels, often restricted to one or a few samples, are well recognized, but conflicting.
Objective
To investigate cortisol dynamics in 143 healthy men and women, spanning 7 decades and with a 2-fold body mass index (BMI) range with different analytic tools.
Setting
Clinical Research Unit.
Design
Cortisol concentrations in 10-min samples collected for 24 h. Outcomes were mean levels, deconvolution parameters, approximate entropy (ApEn, regularity statistic) and 24-h rhythms.
Results
Total 24-h cortisol secretion rates estimated by deconvolution analysis were sex, age and BMI independent. Mean 24-h cortisol concentrations were lower in premenopausal women than those in men of comparable age (176 ± 8.2 vs 217 ± 9.4 nmol/L, P = 0.02), but not in subjects older than 50 years. This was due to lower daytime levels in women, albeit similar in the quiescent overnight period. Aging increased mean cortisol by 10 nmol/L per decade during the quiescent secretory phase and advanced the acrophase of the diurnal rhythm by 24 min/decade. However, total 24-h cortisol secretion rates estimated by deconvolution analysis were sex, age and BMI independent. ApEn of 24-h profiles was higher (more random) in premenopausal women than those in men (1.048 ± 0.025 vs 0.933 ± 0.023, P = 0.001), but not in subjects older than 50 years. ApEn peaked during the daytime.
Conclusion
Sex and age jointly determine the 24-h cortisol secretory profile. Sex effects are largely restricted to age <50 years, whereas age effects elevate concentrations in the late evening and early night and advance the timing of the peak diurnal rhythm.
Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Knowledge of animals’ hormonal status is important for conservation studies in wild or semi-free-ranging conditions as well as for behavioural and clinical experiments conducted in laboratory research, mostly performed on rats and mice. Faecal sampling is a useful non-invasive method to obtain steroid hormone assessments. Nevertheless, in laboratory studies, unlike other contexts, faecal sampling is less utilised. One of the issues raised is the necessity to collect samples belonging to different animals, separately. Usually, researchers using faecal sampling solve this problem through the isolation of animals or taking the cage rather than single animal as unit of study. These solutions though, could lead to unreliable measurements, and cannot be applied in many studies. Our aim was to show the biological reliability of individual faecal corticosterone metabolite (FCM) assessments in socially housed male and female Wistar rats. We analytically validated the enzyme immunoassay kit used for FCM assessments. Then, we exposed the animals to two different stress stimuli that are known to activate the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis and the following release of corticosterone to biologically validate the EIA kit: environmental enrichment and predator odour. Individual faecal sampling from social animals was collected through short-time handling. The results demonstrated that both the stimuli increased FCM levels in male and female rats showing the reliability of EIA kit assessment and the applicability of our sampling method. We also found a diurnal rhythm in FCM levels. These results could help to increase the use of faecal hormone metabolite determinations in studies conducted on rats.
Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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Tulane University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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. Findings were specific to the diurnal DHEA slope and not other DHEA reactivity measures or basal values. That this positive relationship occurs in youth, and is manifested along the diurnal rhythm, rather than acute reactivity, highlights the potential for
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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with the previous findings that there is a diurnal rhythm of testosterone secretion in both prepubertal and pubertal children ( 10 , 13 ). In children of both sexes, serum levels of E 2 were correlated with testosterone levels, which inturn were
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev & Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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to individuals with hematocrit values within the normal range. Also, the need for an anesthesiologist for insertion could be considered a limitation as could the number of possible sampling hours of 20, just short of a full diurnal rhythm of 24 h
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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their own potential genetic and environmental differences, it is important to note that the timing of doses was not considered in the study. Loss of diurnal rhythm in autonomous cortisol secretion also increases mortality Both autonomous cortisol
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different output pathways to regulate the cellular mechanism of chick pinealocytes cultured under GL. Moreover, BMAL1 rather than CLOCK plays a predominant role in the regulation of diurnal rhythms of melatonin secretion, and CRY2 may be involved in
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
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NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Mohn Centre for Children’s Health and Wellbeing, Imperial College London, London, UK
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NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
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NIHR Health Protection Research Unit on Chemical Radiation Threats and Hazards, Imperial College London, London, UK
National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
Mohn Centre for Children’s Health and Wellbeing, Imperial College London, London, UK
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previous studies was reduced emphasizing the importance of specimen collection time. Salivary androgens exhibit diurnal rhythms ( 5 , 8 , 16 , 34 , 35 ) and the magnitude of the fall in testosterone across the day depends on the age and stage of
