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Erika Peverelli Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Federica Ermetici Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Sabrina Corbetta Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Ettore Gozzini Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Laura Avagliano Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Marco A Zappa Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Gaetano Bulfamante Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Paolo Beck-Peccoz Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Anna Spada Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Giovanna Mantovani Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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of different factors (1, 2) , which have been only partially elucidated. cAMP acts as an intracellular second messenger in the regulation of a number of different cellular processes, such as cell growth and differentiation. It is known that cAMP

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Amarjit Saini Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Linda Björkhem-Bergman Division of Clinical Geriatrics, Departments of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Neurobiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Johan Boström Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Mats Lilja Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Michael Melin Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Karl Olsson Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Lena Ekström Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Peter Bergman Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Mikael Altun Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Eric Rullman Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Thomas Gustafsson Division of Clinical Physiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Unit of Clinical Physiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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VDR-null mutant mice were smaller than those in WT mice ( 22 ). Moreover, skeletal muscles from 3-week-old mice lacking VDR display an abnormally elevated expression of myogenic differentiation factors that are important for the regulation of the

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C Sui Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Changchun City, China

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Q He Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Changchun City, China

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R Du Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Changchun City, China

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D Zhang Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Changchun City, China

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F Li Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Changchun City, China

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G Dionigi Division for Endocrine and Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood ‘G. Barresi’, University Hospital ‘G. Martino’, The University of Messina, Messina, Italy

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N Liang Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Changchun City, China

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H Sun Division of Thyroid Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Surgical Translational Medicine, Jilin Provincial Precision Medicine Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Translational Medicine on Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma, Changchun City, China

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dissected cervical nodes, however, a discrepancy may exist between the absolute number of positive nodes and the substantive extent of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) node metastasis ( 1 , 2 , 6 ). Therefore, the NR, defined as the absolute number of

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Irasema Mendieta Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico

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Rosa Elvira Nuñez-Anita Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás Hidalgo, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico

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Gilberto Pérez-Sánchez Departmento de Psicoimunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico

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Lenin Pavón Departmento de Psicoimunología, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, Mexico

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Alfredo Rodríguez-Cruz Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico

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Guadalupe García-Alcocer Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico

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Laura Cristina Berumen Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico

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been proposed that new cells with neuroendocrine-like properties originate from pre-existing epithelial cancer cells via neuroendocrine differentiation (NED) ( 12 ). NED can be replicated in vitro by the exposure of cells to agents that elevate or

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Chiara Mele Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy

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Maria Teresa Samà Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital ‘Maggiore della Carità’, Novara, Italy

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Alessandro Angelo Bisoffi Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Marina Caputo Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Valentina Bullara Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital ‘Maggiore della Carità’, Novara, Italy

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Stefania Mai Laboratory of Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy

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Gillian Elisabeth Walker Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Flavia Prodam Department of Health Sciences, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Paolo Marzullo Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Division of General Medicine, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, S. Giuseppe Hospital, Piancavallo di Oggebbio (VB), Italy

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Gianluca Aimaretti Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

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Loredana Pagano Division of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Introduction The incidence rates of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) have been rising in many countries over the last few decades ( 1 , 2 ) along with a parallel increase in obesity and metabolic disorders ( 3 ). Even if the growing

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Lei Hu Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China

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Xiao Liu Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China

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Chong Pei Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First People’s Hospital of Hefei City, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China

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Li Xie Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China

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Nianan He Department of Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China

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performance and confuse clinical treatment ( 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ). Ultrasound elastography (UE) has been shown to improve differentiation between benign and malignant TNs ( 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 ). Sound touch elastography

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Jing Zhang Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

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Zhiyong Zhao Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

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Li Dong Department of Pathology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China

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Tao Han Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

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Guojin Zhang Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

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Yuntai Cao Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

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Junlin Zhou Department of Radiology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
Key Laboratory of Medical Imaging of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
Second Clinical School, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China

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.g., CT and MRI) ( 5 , 8 , 12 ). Wu et al. ( 12 ) reported that quantitative dual-energy CT imaging, iodine content, slope of HU curve, and mean CT value may be valuable parameters for diagnostic differentiation between sellar meningiomas and pituitary

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Tiemo S Gerber Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Medicine, Mainz, Germany

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Arno Schad Department of Pathology, University Medicine, Mainz, Germany

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Nils Hartmann Department of Pathology, University Medicine, Mainz, Germany

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Erik Springer Department of Pathology, University Medicine, Mainz, Germany

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Ulrich Zechner Institute of Human Genetics, University Medicine, Mainz, Germany

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Thomas J Musholt Endocrine Surgery Section, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Medicine, Mainz, Germany

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Introduction Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) represents an aggressive variant of thyroid cancer that predominantly arises from the differentiated variants of papillary and follicular thyroid carcinoma (PTC and FTC, respectively

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Melissa Braga Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Zena Simmons Department of Health & Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Keith C Norris Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Monica G Ferrini Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Health & Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Jorge N Artaza Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Health & Life Sciences, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, California, USA
Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA

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decipher the underlying mechanism or the role vitamin D plays in association with myogenic differentiation. Vitamin D, a fat-soluble secosteroid prohormone, is obtained from sun exposure or from dietary sources. During exposure to sunlight 7

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Thera P Links Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Trynke van der Boom Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Wouter T Zandee Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Joop D Lefrandt Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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, sinus tachycardia, and diastolic dysfunction ( 15 ). TSH suppression in differentiated thyroid cancer Adults Differentiated thyroid cancer, consisting of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer, is common at a relatively young age, with a

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