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P R van Dijk Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands

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S J J Logtenberg Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands

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K H Groenier Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands

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N Kleefstra Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands

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H J G Bilo Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands

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H J Arnqvist Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands
Diabetes Centre, Departments of Internal Medicine, General Practice, Langerhans Medical Research Group, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Isala Clinics, PO Box 10400, 8000 G.K. Zwolle, The Netherlands

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In type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), low concentrations of IGF1 and high concentrations of IGF-binding protein 1 (IGFBP1) have been reported. It has been suggested that these abnormalities in the GH–IGF1 axis are due to low insulin concentrations in the portal vein. We hypothesized that the i.p. route of insulin administration increases IGF1 concentrations when compared with the s.c. route of insulin administration. IGF1 and IGFBP1 concentrations in samples derived from an open-label, randomized cross-over trial comparing the effects of s.c. and i.p. insulin delivery on glycaemia were determined. T1DM patients were randomized to receive either 6 months of continuous i.p. insulin infusion (CIPII) through an implantable pump (MIP 2007C, Medtronic) followed by 6 months of s.c. insulin infusion or vice versa with a washout phase in between. Data from 16 patients who had complete measurements during both treatment phases were analysed. The change in IGF1 concentrations during CIPII treatment was 10.4 μg/l (95% CI −0.94, 21.7 μg/l; P=0.06) and during s.c. insulin treatment was −2.2 μg/l (95% CI −13.5, 9.2 μg/l; P=0.69). When taking the effect of treatment order into account, the estimated change in IGF1 concentrations was found to be 12.6 μg/l (95% CI −3.1, 28.5 μg/l; P=0.11) with CIPII treatment compared with that with s.c. insulin treatment. IGFBP1 concentrations decreased to −100.7 μg/l (95% CI −143.0, −58.3 μg/l; P<0.01) with CIPII treatment. During CIPII treatment, parts of the GH–IGF1 axis changed compared with that observed during s.c. insulin treatment. This supports the hypothesis that the i.p. route of insulin administration is of importance in the IGF1 system.

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-13-0089
Volume/Issue:
Volume 3: Issue 1
Open access
Karolien Van De Maele Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Jean De Schepper Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Jesse Vanbesien Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Monique Van Helvoirt Zeepreventorium, De Haan, Belgium

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Ann De Guchtenaere Zeepreventorium, De Haan, Belgium

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Inge Gies Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, KidZ Health Castle, UZ Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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include an individual program (4 h a week) and group activities (regular outdoor activities). Adolescents with chronic diseases (e.g. diabetes mellitus type 1, rheumatoid arthritis) and malabsorption syndromes were excluded as well as adolescents treated

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0364
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 11
Open access
Marcus Quinkler Endocrinology in Charlottenburg, Berlin, Germany

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Bertil Ekman Departments of Endocrinology and Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

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Claudio Marelli Shire International GmbH, Zug, Switzerland

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Sharif Uddin Shire, Lexington, Massachusetts, USA

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Pierre Zelissen Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands

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Robert D Murray Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, St James’s University Hospital, Leeds, UK

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on behalf of the EU-AIR Investigators
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( n  = 47) Hydrocortisone ( n  = 141) Hypertension 36.2 35.5 Diabetes mellitus, all 14.9 14.9 Diabetes mellitus type 1 4.3 0.0 Diabetes mellitus type 2 10.6 14.9 AI, adrenal insufficiency; EU

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-16-0081
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 1
Open access
Xiuzhen Hou Division 1 of Obstetrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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Junfeng Zhang Division 1 of Obstetrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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Hehong Ma Division 1 of Obstetrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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Ming Li Division 1 of Obstetrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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Pei Wang Division 1 of Obstetrics, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, Hebei, China

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. Nature Reviews: Disease Primers 2019 5 47. ( https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0098-8 ) 3 Xiang AH Wang X Martinez MP Getahun D Page KA Buchanan TA Feldman K Maternal gestational diabetes mellitus, Type 1 diabetes, and Type 2

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0555
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 1
Open access
Hanna F Nowotny Medizinische Klinik IV, Department of Endocrinology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Jillian Bryce Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Salma R Ali Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Roberta Giordano Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Federico Baronio Pediatric Unit, Department Hospital of Woman and Child, Endo-ERN Centre IT11, IRCSS AOU S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy

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Irina Chifu Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany

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Lea Tschaidse Medizinische Klinik IV, Department of Endocrinology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Martine Cools Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium

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Erica LT van den Akker Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Erasmus MC - Sophia Children’s Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Henrik Falhammar Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Natasha M Appelman-Dijkstra Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Luca Persani Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan Italy

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Guglielmo Beccuti Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

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Ian L Ross Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa

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Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, ENETS Center of Excellence, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah Medical Organisation and Faculty of Medicine, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

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Alberto M Pereira Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands

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Eystein S Husebye Department of Clinical Science and KG Jebsen Center for Autoimmune Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Stefanie Hahner Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital of Wuerzburg, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany

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S Faisal Ahmed Office for Rare Conditions, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom

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Nicole Reisch Medizinische Klinik IV, Department of Endocrinology, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany

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-  Adrenal 4 - Patients affected by autoimmune PAI presented with additional autoimmune diseases in 79% ( n  = 15) of cases, namely hypothyroidism ( n  = 11, 58%), hypogonadism ( n  = 5, 26%), diabetes mellitus type 1 ( n  = 2, 11%), Graves

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Adrenal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0416
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 4
Open access
Marianne Aa Grytaas Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Kjersti Sellevåg Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Hrafnkell B Thordarson Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Eystein S Husebye Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Kristian Løvås Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

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Terje H Larsen Department of Heart Disease, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

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disease treated with percutaneous coronary intervention as comorbidity, two had atrial fibrillation (one paroxysmal and one radiofrequency ablated), and one had diabetes mellitus type 1. Median BP was 145/91 mmHg in PA2, with median three (0

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0039
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 3
Open access
Espen Nordheim Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

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Trond Geir Jenssen Department of Transplantation Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Metabolic and Renal Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT- The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø

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. Reference lists of all articles read were analyzed in order to identify reference articles for the review. Kidney disease in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus Type 1 diabetes usually affects young and middle-aged patients and among these

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0097
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 5
Open access
Shanhong Li Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China

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Jincheng Tao Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China

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Jie Tang Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China

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Yanting Chu Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China

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Huiqun Wu Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China

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, IEEE Xplore, CNKI, and Google Scholar. The search employed keywords and free terms such as ‘Digital Therapeutics’, ‘DTx’, ‘Diabetes Mellitus’, ‘Diabetes’, “DM’, ‘Diabetes Management’, ‘Digital Health’, ‘Digital Technology’, ‘Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-24-0219
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 9
Open access
Felix Reschke Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Torben Biester Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Thekla von dem Berge Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Dagmar Jamiolkowski Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Hannover, Germany

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Laura Hasse Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Hannover, Germany

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Francesca Dassie Padua University Hospital, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), Padova, Veneto, Italy

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Pietro Maffei Padua University Hospital, Clinica Medica 3, Department of Medicine (DIMED), Padova, Veneto, Italy

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Katharina Klee Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Olga Kordonouri Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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Hagen Ott Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Department of Paediatric Dermatology, Hannover, Germany

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Thomas Danne Auf Der Bult Children’s Hospital, Centre for Paediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology, and Clinical Research, Hannover, Germany

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:95,000 to 1:400,000 live births and is therefore very rare. The exact cause of TNDM is currently (2020) unknown. The HLA types DR3 and DR4, which are characteristic of diabetes mellitus type 1, are often found. In 30–40%, there is a positive family history

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Metabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-22-0410
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 7
Open access