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Milica Popovic Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Fahim Ebrahimi Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Sandrine Andrea Urwyler Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Marc Yves Donath Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease ( 2 ). Indeed, several studies have demonstrated that copeptin – the C-terminal part of the AVP precursor and surrogate marker for AVP ( 3 ) – predicts insulin resistance and onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus ( 4

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Milena Kloter Medical University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Claudia Gregoriano Medical University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland

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Ellen Haag Medical University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Alexander Kutz Medical University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Beat Mueller Medical University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Philipp Schuetz Medical University Department of Medicine, Kantonsspital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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, 16 , 17 ). As AVP is hard to measure due to the instability and short half-life, the more stable pre-hormone copeptin (39-amino acid C-terminal portion of proAVP) may be measured instead ( 14 , 18 , 19 , 20 ). Copeptin has previously been shown to

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Signe Frøssing Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Malin Nylander Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Caroline Kistorp Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Sven O Skouby Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Herlev Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark

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endothelium could have a place in the work-up of patients. Adrenomedullin (ADM), atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and copeptin are all associated with CVD and part of the delicate system controlling fluid and hemodynamic homeostasis through vascular tonus and

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Jelena Stankovic Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Kurt Kristensen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Birkebæk Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Esben Søndergaard Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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assays preclude its use ( 4 ). Copeptin, which is a split product of the vasopressin pre-pro-peptide, is cleaved and stored with AVP in equimolar amounts in neurosecretory granules in the posterior pituitary gland. Circulating copeptin levels change in

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M de Fost Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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S M Oussaada Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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E Endert Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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G E Linthorst Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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M J Serlie Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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M R Soeters Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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J H DeVries Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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P H Bisschop Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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E Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Laboratory of Endocrinology, Room F5‐164

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-analytical and analytical difficulties including a short half-life and pre-analytical instability (4, 5) . Recently, the AVP precursor copeptin (CP), which is co-secreted with AVP from the posterior pituitary, has been suggested to hold promise as a diagnostic

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Clara Odilia Sailer Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Sophia Julia Wiedemann Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Konrad Strauss Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Ingeborg Schnyder Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Wiebke Kristin Fenske Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Center for Research and Treatment Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany
Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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blood sample for laboratory evaluation of serum sodium, osmolality, copeptin, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α was taken following a 30-min rest in a supine position. Participants received a 250 mL intravenous bolus of hypertonic saline (3% saline, 513 mosmol

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Bettina Winzeler Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Michelle Steinmetz Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Julie Refardt Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Nicole Cesana-Nigro Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bürgerspital Solothurn, Solothurn, Switzerland

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Milica Popovic Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Wiebke Fenske Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolismus, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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SIAD ( 9 ). So far, there are no evidence-based guidelines for differential diagnosis, and current diagnostic strategies are not well characterized. Therefore, a simple, reliable predictive marker would be of great interest. Copeptin, the c

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Julie Refardt Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Clara Odilia Sailer Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Bettina Winzeler Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Matthias Johannes Betz Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Irina Chifu Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Ingeborg Schnyder Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Martin Fassnacht Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Central Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Wiebke Fenske Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig, Germany

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Mirjam Christ-Crain Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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for the CODDI-Investigators
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for the CODDI-Investigators

% saline was administered at an infusion rate of 0.15 mL per kg bodyweight per minute. Sodium levels were controlled every 30 min with venous blood gas analysis. Blood samples for the measurement of plasma osmolality, sodium, copeptin (CT-proAVP – a stable

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Lingjuan Li Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Jing Qin Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Lin Ren Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Shiyuan Xiang Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xiaoyun Cao Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xianglan Zheng Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zhiwen Yin Department of Nursing, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Nidan Qiao Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
National Center for Neurological Disorders, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Clinical Medical Center of Neurosurgery, Shanghai, China
Neurosurgical Institute of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Brain Function and Restoration and Neural Regeneration, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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). Several limitations exist in this study. First, patients less than 18 years old was excluded. Moreover, the constructed model was not validated using an external database, compromising its clinical generalization. Second, the role of copeptin assays is

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Dirk Weismann Department of Internal Medicine I, Intensivcare Unit, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Andreas Schneider Department of Internal Medicine I, Intensivcare Unit, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Charlotte Höybye Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Molecular Surgery and Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden

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). Advanced diagnostic approach It may be difficult to differentiate primary polydipsia from SIAD in euvolemic patients with a urine osmolality of >100 mOsm/kg. Here, the combined evaluation of urine osmolality and serum copeptin may be a reliable marker

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