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Gareth Leng Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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-specific expression of their receptors. By contrast, neuroscience is the study of the brain, and particularly of neurones that release neurotransmitters at synapses with effects tightly localised in space and time, constrained by mechanisms of rapid reuptake and

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0367
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 12
Open access
Frans H H Leenen Brain and Heart Research Group, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

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Mordecai P Blaustein Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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John M Hamlyn Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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reflexes send afferent information to the brain and control sympathetic nerve traffic to arteries and veins, heart and kidneys. According to the Guytonian view of the circulation, these reflexes reset and the CNS and sympathetic activity have only limited

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0161
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 7
Open access
Kylie D Rock Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

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Brian Horman Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

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Allison L Phillips Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA

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Susan L McRitchie NIH Eastern Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Res. Core, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

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Scott Watson NIH Eastern Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Res. Core, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

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Jocelin Deese-Spruill NIH Eastern Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Res. Core, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA

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Dereje Jima Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

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Susan Sumner NIH Eastern Regional Comprehensive Metabolomics Res. Core, Univ. of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

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Heather M Stapleton Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA

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Heather B Patisaul Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

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similarities with known neurotoxicants and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including PBDEs ( 9 ) and organophosphate pesticides ( 10 ), have raised concerns regarding possible health impacts, especially on the developing brain. Because we have found

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0373
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 2
Open access
Hong Jiang Department of Neurosurgery, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Department of Neurosurgery, Rui-Jin Lu-Wan Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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WenJie Yang Department of Radiology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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QingFang Sun Department of Neurosurgery, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Department of Neurosurgery, Rui-Jin Lu-Wan Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Chang Liu The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for Neuroinformation, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
College of Information Technology and Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, China
College of Computer Science, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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LiuGuan Bian Department of Neurosurgery, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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, reversibility of disease-related changes after the resolution of the condition, and the relationships between these alterations and clinical characteristics ( 3 ). The detrimental effects of hypercortisolism on the brain were first highlighted in early autopsy

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-21-0385
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 11
Open access
Anne M Drewes University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Maria E Møller The Danish Cancer Society, Denmark (Kræftens Bekæmpelse), København Ø, Denmark

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Rasmus Hertzum-Larsen The Danish Cancer Society, Denmark (Kræftens Bekæmpelse), København Ø, Denmark

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Gerda Engholm The Danish Cancer Society, Denmark (Kræftens Bekæmpelse), København Ø, Denmark

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Hans H Storm The Danish Cancer Society, Denmark (Kræftens Bekæmpelse), København Ø, Denmark

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. Apart from ionising radiation, we have limited knowledge on risk factors for brain tumours, and for breast cancer hormone-related factors, for example, null parity, late age pregnancies, overweight, alcohol consumption and genetic mutations ( BRCA1 and

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0498
Volume/Issue:
Volume 9: Issue 1
Open access
Aleksandra Gilis-Januszewska Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
Endocrinology Department, University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland

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Łukasz Kluczyński Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
Endocrinology Department, University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland

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Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
Endocrinology Department, University Hospital in Krakow, Krakow, Poland

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Introduction and epidemiology Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is commonly defined as any brain pathology caused by an external force. TBI, sometimes referred to as a ‘silent epidemic’, affects about 69 million people each year, occurs commonly in

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-20-0117
Volume/Issue:
Volume 9: Issue 5
Open access
Lára Ósk Eggertsdóttir Claessen Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Emergency Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Hafrún Kristjánsdóttir Physical Activity, Physical Education, Sport, and Health (PAPESH) Research Centre, Sports Science Department, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

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María Kristín Jónsdóttir Mental Health Services, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Sigrún Helga Lund deCODE Genetics, Inc/Amgen Inc., Reykjavik, Iceland
School of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Ingunn Unnsteinsdóttir Kristensen Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Helga Ágústa Sigurjónsdóttir Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Department of Medicine, Landspitali – The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland

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Introduction Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is divided into mild (mTBI), moderate (moTBI), and severe (sTBI) injury. The most common is mTBI ( 1 ) which is caused by mechanical force being transmitted to the brain by a blow to the head, neck or

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Pituitary and Hypothalamus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-23-0363
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 2
Open access
Patricia Iozzo Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy

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Maria Angela Guzzardi Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), Pisa, Italy

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least in part, during the earliest phases of life, as the brain undergoes its major development, involving a five-fold volumetric spurt in the first 5 years of life ( 6 ). Several early-life factors may affect the propensity of infants to become obese

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-19-0348
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 11
Open access
Bilal B Mughal CNRS/UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France

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Jean-Baptiste Fini CNRS/UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France

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Barbara A Demeneix CNRS/UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France

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Introduction Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for normal brain development where it influences, during specific temporal windows, neurogenesis, neuronal migration, neuronal and glial cell differentiation, myelination and synaptogenesis. These

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-18-0029
Volume/Issue:
Volume 7: Issue 4
Open access
Carolina Inda Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
DFBMC, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Natalia G Armando Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Paula A dos Santos Claro Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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Susana Silberstein Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
DFBMC, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

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are essential to the stress response driving both basal and stress-induced hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) activation. Besides the hypothalamus, CRH is widely distributed in extrahypothalamic circuits of the brain where it functions as a

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/EC-17-0111
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 6
Open access