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) and the natural fetal estrogen estetrol (E4) ( 24 , 25 ). In the present narrative review, we limited ourselves to report the observed effects of estrogens on bone health in patients with advanced PCa, taking potential estrogen side effects into
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Radiology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Lundlaan, EA Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Introduction Endocrine complications are common in up to 60% of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) ( 1 ). Deprived bone health, ranging from low bone mineral density (BMD) to bone pain and fractures, is a prevalent late effect, and brain tumor
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dimorphic traits to develop. Especially pubertal bone mass accrual and adult bone health require further investigation in this context. Some studies in men who had constitutionally delayed puberty suggest that this condition resulted in reduced bone
Department of Nutrition, Institute of Life Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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Introduction Vitamin D is vital to bone health, and prolonged severe deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia/osteoporosis in adults ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Vitamin D is an exceptional nutrient in that its primary source is the
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Department of Clinical Research Center, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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on bone health, more recent research has revealed a positive association between obesity and bone fractures ( 6 ). Waist circumference (WC), which is an easy-to-determine clinical parameter, has been proposed to assess central obesity in
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Department of Cardiology, Department of Research, Institute of Clinical Studies, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Endocrinology
Department of Cardiology, Department of Research, Institute of Clinical Studies, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Endocrinology
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Department of Cardiology, Department of Research, Institute of Clinical Studies, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Endocrinology
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Department of Cardiology, Department of Research, Institute of Clinical Studies, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Endocrinology
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Department of Cardiology, Department of Research, Institute of Clinical Studies, Clinical Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Nephrology and Endocrinology
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to improved endothelial function, inhibition of foam cell formation and suppression of macrophage cholesterol uptake in patients with T2D (19, 20) . Vitamin D's effect on bone health (fractures and bone mineral density (BMD)) is well established in
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research over the past two decades that has demonstrated deficits in bone health and cardiac function, together with impaired quality of life in adults with CO-GHD after completion of childhood treatment ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ), has questioned this practice
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are often inadequate for bone health, especially in dark skinned migrant communities, while the intakes needed to reduce non-skeletal health risks of deficiency are increasingly recognised as being higher than those for bone health ( 24
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fragility fractures. Bone mineral density (BMD) Bone mineral density (BMD) estimated by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used to evaluate bone health and fracture risk. Given the good reliability and reproducibility, and low costs, BMD
F.I.R.M.O. Italian Foundation for the Research on Bone Diseases, Florence, Italy
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affected in patients with PHPT ( 19 )), and be, thus, of valuable utility for an early and routine monitoring of bone health in MEN1 patients. Declaration of interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest that could be perceived