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Jan Roar Mellembakken Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Azita Mahmoudan Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Reproductive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Lars Mørkrid Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway

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Inger Sundström-Poromaa Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Laure Morin-Papunen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, University of Oulu, Medical Research Centre Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland

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Juha S Tapanainen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, University of Oulu, Medical Research Centre Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland

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Terhi T Piltonen Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital of Oulu, University of Oulu, Medical Research Centre Oulu and PEDEGO Research Unit, Oulu, Finland

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Angelica Lindén Hirschberg Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Stockholm, Sweden

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Elisabet Stener-Victorin Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Eszter Vanky Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, UK
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, St. Olav’s Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

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Pernille Ravn Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Richard Christian Jensen Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Marianne Skovsager Andersen Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Dorte Glintborg Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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risk of the metabolic syndrome, which could be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) ( 3 ). The definition of the metabolic syndrome includes elevated blood pressure (BP) ( 3 ). It is estimated that more than 30% of women with

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Yusaku Mori Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

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Hiroyuki Shimizu Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan
Maebashi Hirosegawa Clinic, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan

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Hideki Kushima Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

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Tomomi Saito Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

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Munenori Hiromura Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

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Michishige Terasaki Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

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Masakazu Koshibu Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

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Hirokazu Ohtaki Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

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Tsutomu Hirano Division of Diabetes, Metabolism, and Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan

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Biolaboratories, Hsinchu City, Taiwan). Measurement of blood pressure Systolic blood pressure and pulse rates were measured using the tail-cuff method (Model MK-2000ST; Muromachi Kikai, Tokyo, Japan) ( 22 ). The average value obtained from three to five

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Lang Qin Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xiaoming Zhu Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xiaoxia Liu Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Meifang Zeng Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Ran Tao Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yan Zhuang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yiting Zhou Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zhaoyun Zhang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai, China

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Yehong Yang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yiming Li Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yongfei Wang Division of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai, China

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Hongying Ye Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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have persistent hypertension ( 2 ). Lodish found that blood pressure in pediatric patients with CS was positively correlated with urinary free cortisol (UFC) and midnight cortisol before operation ( 4 ). Despite the decrease in blood pressure values

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Søs Dragsbæk Larsen Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Christine Dalgård Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Public Health, Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Mathilde Egelund Christensen Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Sine Lykkedegn Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Louise Bjørkholt Andersen Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Marianne Andersen Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Medical Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Dorte Glintborg Department of Medical Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Henrik Thybo Christesen Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Hans Christian Andersen Children’s Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Introduction High blood pressure (BP) increases cardiovascular risk and constitutes one of the primary modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease ( 1 ). Elevated BP in childhood increases the risk of prehypertension and hypertension in

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Randi Ugleholdt Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Åse Krogh Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Pernille A H Haderslev Department of Anaesthesiology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark

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Bjarne Kromann-Andersen Department of Urology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark

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Claus Larsen Feltoft Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev, Denmark

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(PBZ) and doxazosin was compared in a randomized design showing improved hemodynamic stability in the PBZ group using a composite score but no difference between groups in maintaining blood pressure within target range ( 6 ). However, there is no

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Eva Olga Melin Diabetes Research Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Sweden

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Magnus Hillman Diabetes Research Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

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Mona Landin-Olsson Diabetes Research Laboratory, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

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inactivity ( 10 ), smoking ( 11 ), and depression ( 12 ), and higher blood pressure (BP) have been observed in men ( 13 ). Increased cortisol secretion is one factor that might contribute to treatment-resistant hypertension ( 14 ). Increased cortisol

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Jie Shi Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Zhen Yang Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yixin Niu Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Weiwei Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Ning Lin Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Xiaoyong Li Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Hongmei Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Hongxia Gu Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jie Wen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Guang Ning Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Li Qin Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Qing Su Department of Endocrinology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Hypertension, characterized by chronically elevated blood pressure (BP) above 140/90 mmHg, is a major public health problem affecting more than 1 billion people worldwide ( 1 , 2 ). Despite multiple methods to prevent and manage

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Sandra N Slagter Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Robert P van Waateringe Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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André P van Beek Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Melanie M van der Klauw Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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, dyslipidaemia, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting glucose. However, the estimated prevalence of MetS differs between various populations, because variations exist in the frequencies of metabolic risk components ( 2 ). It has also been reported that the

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Lasse Oinonen Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

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Antti Tikkakoski Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

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Jenni Koskela Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

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Arttu Eräranta Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland

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Mika Kähönen Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

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Onni Niemelä Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland

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Jukka Mustonen Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

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Ilkka Pörsti Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
Department of Internal Medicine, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland

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Introduction A great majority of hypertensive subjects (~90%) have primary hypertension with an undefined aetiology ( 1 ). Circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentration has been associated with blood pressure (BP) ( 2 , 3 , 4 ) and

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Julia Kubiak Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway

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Per Medbøe Thorsby Department of Medical Biochemistry, Per Medbøe Thorsby, Hormone Laboratory, Oslo University Hospital, Aker, Norway

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Elena Kamycheva Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway

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Rolf Jorde Tromsø Endocrine Research Group, Department of Clinical Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway

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the effects of vitamin D on CVD risk factors. There are associations pointing to an increase in systolic, and to a lesser degree diastolic blood pressure with decreasing serum 25(OH)D levels ( 4 , 5 ). This may be due to activation of the renin

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