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Introduction Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) is the most common autoimmune thyroid disease ( 1 , 2 ). Because of varying degree of thyroid destruction, AIT patients manifest with different thyroid function including euthyroidism, subclinical or
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Gastaldi R Einaudi S Baronio F Vigone MC Thyroid nodules and cancer in children and adolescents affected by autoimmune thyroiditis . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 2008 162 526 – 531 . ( doi:10.1001/archpedi.162
AESKU.KIPP Institute, Wendelsheim, Germany
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disease and autoimmune thyroiditis The two diseases share multiple similarities and dissimilarities. Following are Tables 1 and 2 , summarizing the clinical pictures shared or unshared between CD, HT and Graves’ disease ( Table 1 ) and comparison of
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While subclinical or overt hypothyroidism are common in Down syndrome (DS); Graves’ disease (GD) is rare (ranges 0.6–3%). We aimed to evaluate the clinical features, course, and treatment of GD in children with DS and compare them with those without DS. Among 161 children with GD, 13 (8 female, 5 male) had DS (8%). Data were collected retrospectively from patients’ medical records. The mean age at diagnosis was 10.6 ± 4.5 years, with a female-to-male ratio 1.6:1. The main symptoms were weight loss (n = 6), increased irritability (n = 3), and increased sweating (n = 3). None had orbitopathy. Seven of 11 patients with a thyroid ultrasound at diagnosis had a goitre. On admission, all had thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) <0.01 mU/L (normal range (NR): 0.51–4.30), free triiodothyronine, free thyroxine (mean ± s.d .), and thyrotrophin receptor antibodies (median, range) were 22.2 ± 10.2 pmol/L (NR: 3.5–8.1), 50.2 ± 18.7 pmol/L (NR 12.6–20.9), and 17.0 (2.89–159.0) U/L (NR <1), respectively. Patients were treated either with methimazole (n = 10) or carbimazole (n = 3), a dose of 0.54 ± 0.36 mg/kg/day. The treatment was ‘block and replace’ in ten patients and ‘dose titration’ in three patients, with a mean duration of 43.4 ± 11.0 months. Of 13 patients, four are still receiving primary treatment, three are in remission, one patient had two medically treated recurrences, three underwent surgery without complications, and two patients were lost to follow-up. Our data show that the clinical course of GD in patients with DS was similar to those without DS and suggest that a prolonged medical therapy should be the preferred option.
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North Lakes Clinical, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Department I, Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), 20 Wheatley Avenue, Ilkley LS29 8PT, UK
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, age, height, weight, smoking habits (75% answered), prior surgery or radioiodine treatment, thyroid medication (brand, dosage, duration, time of intake), other drugs, laboratory tests (FT 3 , FT 4 , TSH and, if autoimmune thyroiditis was suspected or
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Endokrinologikum Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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Endokrinologikum Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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monitoring involved echocardiography and cardiac MRI. Echocardiography was documented as having been performed in 102 patients and cardiac MRI in 22 patients ( Table 2 ). Autoimmune thyroiditis was diagnosed in 37% of the patients at a mean age of 18 ± 9
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diagnosed with one or more associated autoimmune endocrinopathies. The most common of these were autoimmune thyroiditis (60.7%), type 1 diabetes mellitus (17.3%) and pernicious anaemia (6.7%), with 103 (68.7%) of the patients meeting the criteria for APS-2
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
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Background
Season of birth, an exogenous indicator of early life environment, has been linked with a higher risk of adverse health outcomes such as autoimmune thyroiditis, multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia later in life. Whether the development and cause of hyperthyroidism is influenced by season of birth is unclarified. We aimed, at a nationwide level, to investigate whether season of birth influences the risk of hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease (GD) and/or toxic nodular goitre (TNG).
Method
Register-based nationwide cohort study. By record-linkage between Danish health registers, 36,087 and 20,537 patients with GD and TNG, respectively, were identified. Each case was matched with four controls without thyroid disease, according to age and sex. Differences in month of birth across the year were evaluated by the Walter–Elwood test. Hazard ratios, for the risk of GD and TNG in individuals born in a certain month or season of the year, were calculated using Cox regression models.
Results
Neither for GD nor for TNG could we demonstrate a significant difference in birth rate across months or seasons of the year (Walter–Elwood’s test; X2 = 5.92 and X2 = 1.27, P = 0.052 and P = 0.53, respectively).
Conclusion
Irrespective of its cause, our findings do not support the hypothesis that season of birth is significantly related to the development of hyperthyroidism.
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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association, two studies reporting an association with TPO-Ab or the outcome of autoimmune thyroiditis, and two studies suggesting an association between TRAb and endometriosis. It should be emphasized that not all studies investigated all types of thyroid
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Background Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT), also known as autoimmune thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is the most common type of thyroiditis and autoimmune endocrine disease, representing the primary non-iatrogenic cause of
