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Qing Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, China

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Li Yong Zhang Department of Thyroid Surgery, Minimal Invasive Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China

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Mei Feng Dai Department of Clinical Lab, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China

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Zhen Li Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, China

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Chao Chun Zou Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China

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Hui Liu Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, China

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resistance ( 3 , 4 ). As the primary peripheral tissue cells of insulin action, adipocytes express TSH receptors and have been recognized as extrathyroidal targets of TSH ( 5 ). However, the mechanism underlying high TSH level-induced insulin resistance in

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Erika Peverelli Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Federica Ermetici Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy
Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Sabrina Corbetta Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Ettore Gozzini Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Laura Avagliano Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Marco A Zappa Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Gaetano Bulfamante Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Paolo Beck-Peccoz Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Anna Spada Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Giovanna Mantovani Endocrinology and Diabetology Unit, Diabetology and Metabolic Disease Unit, Endocrinology Unit, Unit of Human Pathology, Surgical Department, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Pad.Granelli, Via F. Sforza, 35, 20122 Milan, Italy

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Introduction White adipose tissue (WAT) is mainly involved in energy storage and mobilization in the form of triglycerides, although a paracrine and endocrine function of white adipocytes has also been recognized. Excess of WAT results from an

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Souad Daamouch Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Sylvia Thiele Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Lorenz Hofbauer Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Martina Rauner Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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after HFD than wild-type mice on an HFD. It is noteworthy that adipocytes also have been reported to express DKK1 ( 21 , 22 ). Moreover, treatment of pre-adipocytes with Dkk1 suppresses their differentiation in cell cultures ( 23 ). Given that obesity

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Jana Ernst Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Katharina Gert Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Frank Bernhard Kraus Central Laboratory, University Hospital Halle (Saale), Ernst-Grube-Strasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Ulrike Elisabeth Rolle-Kampczyk Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

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Martin Wabitsch Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany

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Faramarz Dehghani Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Kristina Schaedlich Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Grosse Steinstrasse, Halle (Saale), Germany

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matured adipocytes from human s.c. fat and as such are a good model system ( 25 , 26 ). By demonstrating the conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone as the initial step of steroid biosynthesis in the SGBS model, the evidence for adipocytes as

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Jana Ernst Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Urszula Grabiec Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Kathrin Falk Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Faramarz Dehghani Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Kristina Schaedlich Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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leptin and decreasing serum adiponectin ( 14 , 15 , 16 ). Accordingly, data from in vitro models showed a DEHP-dependent impairment of adipogenesis and adipocyte function ( 14 , 17 ). Analyses on underlying mechanisms are difficult, because energy

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Sandrine Visentin Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, AP-HM, Timone Enfants Hospital, Marseille, France
Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France

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Gérard Michel Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, AP-HM, Timone Enfants Hospital, Marseille, France
Research Unit EA 3279 and Department of Public Health, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France

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Claire Oudin Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, AP-HM, Timone Enfants Hospital, Marseille, France
Research Unit EA 3279 and Department of Public Health, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France

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Béatrice Cousin STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL5311, EFS, INP-ENVT, INSERM U1031, UPS, Toulouse, France

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Bénédicte Gaborit Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France

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Inès Abdesselam Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France

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Marie Maraninchi Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France

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Marion Nowicki Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France

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René Valéro Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology Department, AP-HM, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France

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Maxime Guye AP-HM, Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France

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Monique Bernard AP-HM, Timone, CEMEREM, Marseille, France
Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, CRMBM, Marseille, France

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Pascal Auquier Research Unit EA 3279 and Department of Public Health, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France

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Hervé Chambost Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, AP-HM, Timone Enfants Hospital, Marseille, France

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Marie-Christine Alessi Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France

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Sophie Béliard Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, C2VN, Marseille, France
Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology Department, AP-HM, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France

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. Previous work by Cousin et al . reported that irradiation alters the proliferation and differentiation capacity of adipocyte precursor cells in mice ( 19 ). However, the effects of radiation exposure on human AT are unknown. No study to date had the

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Michaela Keuper Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden

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substantiate the strong association between decreased mitochondrial content and oxygen consumption of WAT/adipocytes, which is in particular evident during metabolic complications such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and cardiovascular diseases

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Julie Smith Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jan Fahrenkrug Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Henrik L Jørgensen Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Christina Christoffersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens P Goetze Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry (KB3014), Department of Technology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, 9 Blegdamsvej, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark

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-C, both expressed in several tissues including heart, kidney, vascular endothelium, and adipocytes. Thus, the endocrine heart is involved not only in hemodynamic regulation but also in energy homeostasis (7) . The sympathetic nervous system plays a key

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Hong-Fa Yan College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

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Zhao-Yu Liu College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

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Zhi-Ang Guan College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

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Chuang Guo College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

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demonstrated that excess iron in adipose tissue boosts adipose tissue dysfunction, resulting in decreased adipogenesis and enhanced adipocyte inflammation and adipose tissue macrophage infiltration ( 8 , 11 , 14 ). Consistently, iron overload has detrimental

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Florian W Kiefer Clinical Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

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molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the energy-dissipating qualities of brown fat have been studied in detail ( 4 , 5 ). Uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) has been identified as the key factor controlling the thermogenic capacity of brown adipocytes

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