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Niels B Dalsgaard Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Lærke S Gasbjerg Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Laura S Hansen Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Dennis S Nielsen Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torben S Rasmussen Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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, and Blautia genera positively associate with T2D while Bifidobacterium , Bacteroides , Faecalibacterium , Akkermansia , and Roseburia members negatively associate with and may protect against T2D ( 4 ). Acarbose is an alpha

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Ruixin Hu School of pharmacy, Qing Dao University, Qingdao, China

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Yanting Yuan School of pharmacy, Qing Dao University, Qingdao, China

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Chaolong Liu School of pharmacy, Qing Dao University, Qingdao, China

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Ji Zhou School of pharmacy, Qing Dao University, Qingdao, China

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Lixia Ji School of pharmacy, Qing Dao University, Qingdao, China

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Guohui Jiang School of pharmacy, Qing Dao University, Qingdao, China

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and TNF-α, MCP-1 decreased. (27, 28, 29) Acarbose ↑Faecalibacterium , ↑Prevotella , ↑Bifidobacterium longum , ↑Lactobacillus gasseri , ↓Enterococcus faecalis , ↓Clostridium ↑Bacteroides , ↑Blautia , ↑Bifidobacterium , ↓Desulfovibrio

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Jonathan Hazlehurst Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Bernard Khoo Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK

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Carolina Brito Lobato Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark

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Ibiyemi Ilesanmi Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Sally Abbott Department of Dietetics, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Tin Chan Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Sanesh Pillai Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Kate Maslin School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK

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Sanjay Purkayastha Brunel University, London, UK
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary’s Hospital, London, UK

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Barbara McGowan Endocrinology, Guys’ and St Thomas’s NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Rob Andrews University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK

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Eveleigh Nicholson Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK

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Katherine McCullough Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK

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Lorraine Albon University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, UK

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Rachel Batterham Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK

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Georgios K Dimitriadis King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Shareen Forbes BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Gavin Bewick School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK

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Tricia M-M Tan Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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. Low 2.7 Sucrose for treatment of hypoglycaemia should be avoided in acarbose-treated PBH. High 2.8 People should be encouraged to exercise after bariatric surgery. A suggested approach to exercise in PBH is as follows: - They should

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Zhenyu Liu Department of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tongzhou District, Beijing, China

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Huixi Kong Department of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Haidian District, Beijing, China

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Baoyu Zhang Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tongzhou District, Beijing, China

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Before–after study ( 59 ) α-Glucosidase inhibitors Acarbose ↓ sucrose: 4.9 ± 1.0 to 5.4 ± 1.1 mg/dL sucrose + acarbose: 4.7 ± 1.3 to 4.9 ± 1.4 mg/dL 6 healthy subjects Clinical trial ( 68 ) Sulfonylureas Gliclazide ⇔ – 29

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Chun-feng Lu Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Wang-shu Liu Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Xiao-qin Ge Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Feng Xu Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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significantly increased ( P for trend < 0.05), whereas the percentage of females, percentage of patients using insulin, and eGFR decreased ( P for trend > 0.05). There were significant differences in the use of metformin, acarbose, insulin sensitizers and

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Chun-feng Lu Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Xiao-qin Ge Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Yan Wang Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Jian-bin Su Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Xue-qin Wang Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Dong-mei Zhang Clinical Medicine Research Center, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Feng Xu Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Wang-shu Liu Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Min Su Department of Endocrinology, Nantong Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nantong Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nantong, China

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(45.3) 45 (33.8) 0.042  Acarbose, n (%) 47 (9.6) 17 (9.2) 18 (10.6) 12 (8.8) 0.844  Insulin secretagogues, n (%) 155 (31.5) 58 (31.4) 54 (31.8) 43 (31.4) 0.996  Insulin sensitizers, n (%) 33 (6.7) 11

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Mengxue Yang Department of Endocrinology, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Department of Endocrinology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China

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Bowen Sun Department of Endocrinology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China

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Jianhui Li Department of Endocrinology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China

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Bo Yang Department of Endocrinology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China

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Jie Xu School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China

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Xue Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China

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Jie Yu School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China

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Xuan Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China

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Qun Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China

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Shan Zhou Department of Endocrinology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China

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Xiaohua Sun Department of Endocrinology, Ningbo No. 2 Hospital, Ningbo, China

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antibiotics, probiotics or other medicine (such as metformin, acarbose or herbal preparations) and food that could possibly influence the intestinal flora; (4) the use of any anti-thyroid gland medicine before recruitment and (5) the existence of current

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Wang-shu Liu Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Ling-yan Hua Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Su-xiang Zhu Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Feng Xu Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Xue-qin Wang Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Chun-feng Lu Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Jian-bin Su Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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Feng Qi Emergency Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People’s Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, China

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.117 Antidiabetic treatments  Insulin treatment, n (%) 59 (23.3) 12 (14.3) 18 (20.9) 29 (34.9) 0.006  Metformin, n (%) 111 (43.9) 40(47.6) 40 (46.5) 31 (37.3) 0.340  Acarbose, n (%) 17 (6.7) 5 (6.0) 8 (9

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Jothydev Kesavadev Jothydev’s Diabetes Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India

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Pradeep Babu Sadasivan Pillai Jothydev’s Diabetes Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India

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Arun Shankar Jothydev’s Diabetes Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India

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Gopika Krishnan Jothydev’s Diabetes Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India

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Sunitha Jothydev Jothydev’s Diabetes Research Centre, Trivandrum, Kerala, India

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, cardiac failure, hemochromatosis, autoimmune disorders and on systemic corticosteroids intake, were excluded. Patients with BMI >40 kg/m 2 and those using acarbose, pioglitazone or short-acting insulin analogs at the time of run-in phase were

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Lisa Arnetz Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes
Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes

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Neda Rajamand Ekberg Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes
Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes

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Kerstin Brismar Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes
Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes

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Michael Alvarsson Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes
Departments of Endocrinology, Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Metabolism and Diabetes

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/repa+pioglitazone 1 0 Add-on sitagliptin 2 0 Add-on SU/repa+sitagliptin 1 0 Add-on liraglutide 0 1 Add-on acarbose 1 0 Add-on, in addition to metformin therapy; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance. All pati ents were middle aged, although men

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