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proinflammatory cytokine, TNF-alpha (TNF-α), exhibits immunological and metabolic activities involved in the induction and maintenance of immune responses. In the thyroid gland, the proinflammatory cytokine may exert its functions in cooperation with infiltrating
Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Medical Department III, Endocrinology, Nephrology, Rheumatology, University Hospital of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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an increased inflammatory response with an increase in interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) upon hypernatremia and hyperosmolality ( 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 ). Human in vivo studies investigating
Department of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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pathological states and increased insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease (CVD) ( 12 , 13 ). In obesity, the expression of chemerin and its receptor are increased in VAT ( 14 ). TNF-α is also produced by adipose tissue as a pro-inflammatory adipokine
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-Rad Laboratories) was used for detection of TNF-α and VEGF. Analysis of phosphoIκB (Ser32) and IκB was performed in cell medium using multiplex, bead-based (Luminex xMAP, Merck) as described earlier and according to manufacturer’s instructions. Determination
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, RBP4 and IL-6 in normal-weight women. Due to the existing inconsistencies in previously published studies, our study focused on the assessment of plasma leptin, adiponectin, resistin, visfatin/NAMPT, omentin-1, vaspin, apelin, TNF-α, IL-6 and RBP4
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interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and tumor necrotic factor α (TNF-α) levels in the serum. As a mechanistic study, we also examined the link between the AMPK signaling pathway and oleuropein treatment. The results of the study could provide insights into the
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GDM and oxidative stress is unclear. The levels of oxidative stress in GDM such as xanthine oxidase, lipid peroxides, malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostane (8Isop), TNF-α and IL-10 have been studied in a very limited number of reports, in which the results
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, and TNF-α and interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentrations were measured using an ELISA kit (R&D Systems) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For the in vivo experiment, serum TSH, FT3, and FT4 levels of mice were determined using an ELISA kit
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transcription and release of a broad range of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, e.g. TNF-α ( 11 , 12 ). Furthermore, the same mechanism leads to shedding of sCD163, which can be measured in the circulation as a robust marker of macrophage activation ( 13
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display heightened levels of circulating inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), as well as decreased plasma levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines