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neurons is accompanied by the development and/or migration of the olfactory system in the early fetus, patients with Kallmann syndrome (KS) manifest a combined dysfunction of the GnRH and olfactory systems ( 2 ). IGD is also associated with a normal sense
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full clinical features of CHARGE syndrome. CHD7 variants have been identified in normosmic isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (nIHH), Kallmann syndrome (KS), self-limited delayed puberty, as well as CHARGE syndrome ( 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7
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, including deafness, renal abnormalities and digital anomalies ( 1 , 2 ). Furthermore, IHH can be categorized according to olfactory function as IHH with a normal sense of smell (normosmic IHH; nIHH) and IHH with anosmia/hyposmia (Kallmann syndrome; KS
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New Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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hypogonadotropic hypogonadism is called normosmic (ncHH) if patients have normal sense of smell, whereas Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a form of the same disease where patients have absent or deficient smell ( 2 ). In the case of normosmic cHH, abnormal GnRH function
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Faculty of Nursing Science, Laval University, Québec City, Canada
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Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Service of the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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. Living with Kallmann syndrome – analysis of subjective experience reports from women . Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2013 73 1112 – 1120 . ( doi:10.1055/s-0033-1350881 ) 31 DiMatteo MR Lepper HS Croghan TW. Depression is a risk factor
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hormone deficiencies. CHH may occur associated with anosmia, a condition referred as Kallmann syndrome, or may occur without associated olfactory abnormalities, referred to as normosmic CHH (nCHH) ( 1 ). Genetic studies of patients with CHH have identified
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/or Kallmann syndrome (KS), such as midline cerebral and facial defects (3) . The adenohypophyseal and olfactory placodes share a common embryological origin as they both emerge from the preplacodal field, which could explain this overlap (4) . FGFR1, a
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Regional Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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heterogeneous IGD only ~50% of patients have a genetic mutation that is identifiable ( 2 , 6 ). Mutations in genes that disrupt the neurodevelopmental pathway of GnRH, that is the development and migration of GnRH neurons cause Kallmann Syndrome (KS), and
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Male Klinefelter syndrome Congenital anorchia/testicular regression Kallmann syndrome Combined pituitary hormone deficiency CNS: Tumors/infiltrative diseases Chemotherapy/Radiation therapy Systemic illness e.g. (inflammatory bowel disease, celiac
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Department of Endocrinology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Department of Paediatric Endocrinology & Diabetes, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Endocrine Research Group, Institute of Genetic Medicine, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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://doi.org/10.1111/cen.13236 ) 27647266 10.1111/cen.13236 6 Smith N Quinton R. Kallmann syndrome . BMJ 2012 345 e6971 . ( https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e6971 ) 10.1136/bmj.e6971 23207501 7 Howard S Dunkel L. Sex steroid and