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/or Kallmann syndrome (KS), such as midline cerebral and facial defects (3) . The adenohypophyseal and olfactory placodes share a common embryological origin as they both emerge from the preplacodal field, which could explain this overlap (4) . FGFR1, a
Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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Key Laboratory of Sports Technique, Tactics and Physical Function of General Administration of Sport of China, Scientific Research Center, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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of FGF21 action. Adipose tissue-specific FGFR1 or β-klotho knockout abolishes FGF21 effects on glucose and energy regulation ( 9 , 10 ). Adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipokine, has been shown as an effector of FGF21. Both acute and chronic FGF
The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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The First Affiliated Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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CATTCTTCTTGAGGCCAACAAA HMGA1 Forward CCAGTGAAGTGCCAACTCCGAAG Reverse GCCCTCCTCTTCCTCCTTCTCC FGFR1 Forward TGGAGTTAATACCACCGACAAA Reverse GATGATGATCTCCAGGTACAGG FGFR2 Forward CTAAAGGCAACCTCCGAGAATA Reverse
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Reproductive Endocrinology, University Regional Hospital of Patras, Rio, Greece
Mount Auburn Hospital, Harvard Medical School Teaching Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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such genes include ANOS1 – Anosmin 1, previously known as KAL1 – Kallmann 1, NSMF – NMDA receptor synaptonuclear signaling and neuronal migration factor, FGFR1 – fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 , FGF8 – fibroblast growth factor 8, FGF17
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exert downstream signaling events ( 11 ). Studies have found that FGF23 exerts most of its physiologic functions through binding with FGFR1c ( 11 , 12 ). In renal proximal tubular epithelial cells, circulating FGF23 binds with the αKlotho/FGFR1c complex
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New Children’s Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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the murine miR-7 predicted target genes, such as Glg1 , Ptgfrn , Sema4c and Chd3 ( 8 ) and currently known nHH/KS genes such as GNRHR , FGFR1 , SEMA7A and PROK2 (see Subjects and methods; ( 1 )). However, we found no mutations in MIR7
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addition, this patient was screened for digenic/oligogenic mutations by sequencing additional genes related to the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis ( KAL1 , FGFR1 , GNRH1 , FGF8 , PROK2 , PROKR2 , KISS1R , CHD7 , TAC3 and TACR3 ) (all primer
Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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mediates a range of biological responses including development, wound healing, homeostasis and metabolism ( 14 ). Most FGFs, called canonical FGFs, interact with heparin or heparin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HSGAGs) and then activate FGF receptors (FGFR1
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regulates neuronal cell function, such as neurite branching, outgrowth, and migration through the activation of FGFR1 ( 30 , 31 ), and promotes angiogenesis through vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFR)-related signaling as well as migration ( 32
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Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Santé, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
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Université Paris Cité, Faculté de Santé, UFR de Médecine, Paris, France
Inserm UMR1185, Le Kremlin Bicetre, Paris, France
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Inserm UMR1185, Le Kremlin Bicetre, Paris, France
Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
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selection of the genes investigated was based on the PubMed and Orphanet bibliography (ORPHA432 and ORPHA478) and on the OMIM database. The genes investigated in the IHH were GNRHR, GNRH1, KISS1R, KISS1, TACR3, TAC3, ANOS1, FGFR1, FGF8, PROKR2, PROK2, WDR11