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hypothyroidism ( 1 ). In the majority of cases, the onset of HT is insidious, and thyroid hormone levels typically remain within the normal range until inflammation progresses to hypothyroidism, revealing initial symptoms ( 2 ). Fundamentally, HT is an
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visceral adiposity, and systemic chronic inflammation. On the one hand, ER stress upregulates inflammatory gene expression and increases pro-inflammatory cytokine production. On the other hand, as a key mediator of ER stress that leads to insulin resistance
Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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Department of Diabetes & Endocrinology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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inflammation both by recruiting mononuclear cells to the site of inflammation and by systemically elevating the numbers of B- and T-lymphocyte populations; these results explain the severe state of GO in smokers and may in part explain the association of
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Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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indicator of systemic inflammation. NLR has been reported to be associated with clinical prognosis in multiple disease contexts, including thyroid diseases ( 8 , 9 ). NLR predicts relapse in GD patients following antithyroid drug therapy ( 10 ) and disease
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Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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phase when the inflammation is ongoing but not progressive, and lastly an inactive phase ( 6 ). There are several known risk factors of severe course of the disease, including male sex, smoking, thyroid dysfunction, treatment with radioiodine, high
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through the ceRNA network, such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and ulcerative colitis ( 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ). However, there are few studies on the involvement of circRNAs in the mechanisms underlying GD pathogenesis. Sun et al
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patterns capable of distinguishing between benign and malignant thyroid nodules with high accuracy ( 51 ). Similarly, alterations in histone modification patterns, as demonstrated in several studies, have been proposed as markers of aggressive disease and
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to type 2 diabetes and was associated with decreased insulin resistance and systemic inflammation: an open label randomized prospective study from Eastern India . Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2014 103 e18 – e23 . ( https://doi.org/10