Qing Zhou
Qing Zhou
Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Li Yong Zhang
Li Yong Zhang
Department of Thyroid Surgery, Minimal Invasive Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Mei Feng Dai
Mei Feng Dai
Department of Clinical Lab, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Zhen Li
Zhen Li
Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Chao Chun Zou
Chao Chun Zou
Department of Endocrinology, The Children’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Hui Liu
Hui Liu
Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fujian Children’s Hospital, Fuzhou, China
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Introduction Subclinical hypothyroidism has been defined as an elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal free thyroxine levels ( 1 ). Despite maintaining normal thyroid hormone levels, patients with subclinical
Xin He
Xin He
Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Qin Yan
Qin Yan
Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Chazhen Liu
Chazhen Liu
Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Zhengyuan Wang
Zhengyuan Wang
Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Ping Liao
Ping Liao
Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Tong Liu
Tong Liu
Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Zehuan Shi
Zehuan Shi
Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Qi Song
Qi Song
Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Xueying Cui
Xueying Cui
Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Wenjing Wang
Wenjing Wang
Laboratory of Functional Medicine, Division of Chronic Non-communicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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Jiajie Zang
Jiajie Zang
Department of Nutrition Hygiene, Division of Health Risk Factor Monitoring and Control, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
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-positive women without thyroid disease history and goiters. We defined overt hypothyroidism as TSH concentration over the 97.5th percentile with an FT4 concentration below the 2.5th percentile. Subclinical hypothyroidism was defined as TSH concentration above
Ning Yuan
Ning Yuan
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Jianbin Sun
Jianbin Sun
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xin Zhao
Xin Zhao
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Jing Du
Jing Du
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Min Nan
Min Nan
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Qiaoling Zhang
Qiaoling Zhang
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Xiaomei Zhang
Xiaomei Zhang
Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
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Introduction Maternal subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH), which is defined as an increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration beyond the upper limit of the pregnancy-specific reference range and a normal free-thyroxine (FT4
Bogumila Urgatz
Bogumila Urgatz
Merck Healthcare KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany
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Kris G Poppe
Kris G Poppe
University Hospital CHU Saint Pierre, Free University of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
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reproduction also proposes 4.0 μIU/mL as an upper limit to the TSH reference range, unless a locally derived reference range has a higher value ( 10 ). As in other settings, the diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is made when TSH is above the upper
Xiaoya Zheng
Xiaoya Zheng
Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Heng Xiao
Heng Xiao
Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Jian Long
Jian Long
Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Qiang Wei
Qiang Wei
Prevention of Disease Department, Chongqing Jiulongpo District Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing, China
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Liping Liu
Liping Liu
Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Liping Zan
Liping Zan
Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Wei Ren
Wei Ren
Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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(ACR TI-RADS) guidelines (2017) ( 12 ). Definition of thyroid dysfunction The diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis was defined as a TSH value <0.56 µIU/mL with (overt thyrotoxicosis) or without (subclinical thyrotoxicosis) elevated FT3 or FT4 levels. The
Till Ittermann
Till Ittermann
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Rehman Mehmood Khattak
Rehman Mehmood Khattak
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar (CU), Peshawar, Pakistan
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Department of Zoology, Islamia College Peshawar (CU), Peshawar, Pakistan
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Marcello R P Markus
Marcello R P Markus
Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Jens-Peter Kühn
Jens-Peter Kühn
Institute of Radiology, University Hospital, Carl-Gustav-Carus University, Dresden, Germany
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Marie-Luise Kromrey
Marie-Luise Kromrey
Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Giovanni Targher
Giovanni Targher
Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Antje Steveling
Antje Steveling
Department of Internal Medicine A, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Matthias Nauck
Matthias Nauck
Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
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DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, University Medicine, Greifswald, Germany
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Henry Völzke
Henry Völzke
Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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inconsistent findings regarding the association between subclinical or overt primary hypothyroidism and NAFLD ( 2 , 3 ). While a significant positive association was reported between variably defined hypothyroidism and NAFLD in one meta-analysis ( 3 ), no
Ayse Nurcan Cebeci
Ayse Nurcan Cebeci
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Vera Schempp
Vera Schempp
Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Katharina Förtsch
Katharina Förtsch
Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany
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Bettina Gohlke
Bettina Gohlke
Paediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
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Michaela Marx
Michaela Marx
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Helmuth-Guenther Dörr
Helmuth-Guenther Dörr
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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Joachim Woelfle
Joachim Woelfle
Paediatric Endocrinology, Department of Friedrich-Alexander University Hospital, Erlangen, Germany
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of 700 births in the USA ( 2 ). Patients with DS are at an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction, with overt or subclinical hypothyroidism being the most common, with an estimated frequency of 400 to 1950 in 10,000 ( 3 ). Although the incidence of GD
Huixing Liu
Huixing Liu
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Daoquan Peng
Daoquan Peng
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Introduction Hypothyroidism, including overt and subclinical hypothyroidism is a common disease among people. The former is defined as increased serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels and reduced free peripheral thyroid hormone (TH
Aglaia Kyrilli
Aglaia Kyrilli
Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.) - Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Bernard Corvilain
Bernard Corvilain
Department of Endocrinology, Hôpital Universitaire de Bruxelles (H.U.B.) - Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Sofie Bliddal
Sofie Bliddal
Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Hvidovre Hospital), Hvidovre, Denmark
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Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Copenhagen University Hospital (Hvidovre Hospital), Hvidovre, Denmark
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Dorthe Hansen Precht
Dorthe Hansen Precht
Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
Carelink Nærhospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Carelink Nærhospital, Roskilde, Denmark
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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen
Department of Medical Endocrinology and Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet), Copenhagen, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Clinical Research, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kris Poppe
Kris Poppe
Department of Endocrinology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Saint-Pierre, Brussels, Belgium
Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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, depending on the iodine intake in the investigated area and the ethnic background ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ). TAI is the strongest predictor for the development of subclinical or overt thyroid dysfunction in the preconception, during pregnancy, and in
Ling Sun
Ling Sun
Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
Section of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Section of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Wenwu Zhu
Wenwu Zhu
Department of Cardiology, Xuzhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Nanjing Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Yuan Ji
Yuan Ji
Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Ailin Zou
Ailin Zou
Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Lipeng Mao
Lipeng Mao
Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Boyu Chi
Boyu Chi
Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Jianguang Jiang
Jianguang Jiang
Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Xuejun Zhou
Xuejun Zhou
Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Qingjie Wang
Qingjie Wang
Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China
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Fengxiang Zhang
Fengxiang Zhang
Section of Pacing and Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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elevated FT3 and (or) FT4 levels with reduced serum TSH level; hypothyroidism as decreased FT3 and (or) FT4 levels with increased TSH level; subclinical hyperthyroidism as decreased serum TSH level and normal serum FT4 and FT3 levels ( 22 ); and subclinical
