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  • Pituitary and Hypothalamus x
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Jelena Stankovic Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Kurt Kristensen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Birkebæk Department of Pediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Esben Søndergaard Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus (SDCA), Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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found to mirror cortisol levels in response to stress, myocardial infarction, and other acute illnesses, and copeptin has been proposed as a prognostic marker in such cases ( 39 ). AVP is known to potentiate corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH

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Laura Chioma Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Carla Bizzarri Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Martina Verzani Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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Daniela Fava Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

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Mariacarolina Salerno Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Donatella Capalbo Paediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Mother and Child, University Hospital Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Chiara Guzzetti Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico ‘A. Cao’, AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy

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Laura Penta Pediatric Clinic, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy

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Luigi Di Luigi Endocrinology Unit, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome ‘Foro Italico’, Rome, Italy

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Natascia di Iorgi Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

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Mohamad Maghnie Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy

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Sandro Loche Paediatric Endocrine Unit, Paediatric Hospital Microcitemico ‘A. Cao’, AO Brotzu, Cagliari, Italy

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Marco Cappa Endocrinology Unit, University Pediatric Department, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy

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during lockdown, while daily physical activity decreased with a concomitant increase of sedentary behavior ( 20 ). Finally, an increase of stress-related symptoms has been observed in children and adolescents throughout the pandemic ( 21 , 22 ). This

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Jesper Krogh Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Peter Plomgaard Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Ruth Frikke-Schmidt Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Sten Velschow Fluisense ApS, Lillerød, Denmark

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Jesper Johannesen Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital - Herlev & Gentofte, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Linda Maria Hilsted Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Malene Schrøder Fluisense ApS, Lillerød, Denmark

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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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first sample was 203.8 nmol/L compared to 218.0 nmol/L in the second sample ( P  = 0.64), suggesting a minimal stress response to the insertion of the Fluispotter catheter, which must be considered one of the clinically important exploratory outcomes of

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Izabelle Lövgren Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Azadeh Abravan Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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Abigail Bryce-Atkinson Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Marcel van Herk Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Radiotherapy Related Research, The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK

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pituitary gland make up the hypothalamic–pituitary (HP) axis, which is responsible for hormone regulation and release ( Fig. 2 ). The hypothalamus responds to various types of stimuli, such as stress, and is the first step in the generation of an endocrine

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Shikai Gui Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Wanli Yu Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Jiabao Xie Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Lunshan Peng Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Yuanyuan Xiong Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Zhen Song Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Department of Urology, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Haitao Luo Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Juexian Xiao Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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Shengtao Yuan Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China

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Zujue Cheng Department of Neurosurgery, the 2nd affiliated hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China

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L Lei G Horbath A Liu X Mao C Wu S Zhuang L , et al. SLC7A11 expression level dictates differential responses to oxidative stress in cancer cells . Nature Communications 2023 14 3673 . ( https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39401-9 ) 11

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I M A A van Roessel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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J P de Graaf Dutch Pituitary Foundation, Nijkerk, The Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions

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N R Biermasz Department of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
Endo-ERN European Reference Network on Rare endocrine conditions

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E Charmandari Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece

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H M van Santen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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patients in the UK ( P = 0.022). Figure 4 shows the ratings of various specialists according to patients in response to the question: ‘What do you think of the guidance or help you get from the following people: (insufficient, sufficient, reasonable

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Jiaxi Li Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Pu Huang Department of Health Management Center, Changsha Central Hospital, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Jing Xiong Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Xinyue Liang Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Mei Li Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Hao Ke Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Chunli Chen Department of Dermatology, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yang Han Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yanhong Huang Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yan Zhou Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Ziqiang Luo Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Dandan Feng Department of Physiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Hunan Key Laboratory of Organ Fibrosis, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Chen Chen School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia

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, to stimulate GH release, ghrelin regulates food intake, body weight, and blood glucose by acting on CNS neurons and peripheral cells expressing GHSR1a to regulate the body’s response to changing metabolic states ( 3 ). Ghrelin also promotes

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Xiaonan Guo Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Wenjing Hu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Xiaorui Lyu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Hanyuan Xu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Huijuan Zhu Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Hui Pan Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Linjie Wang Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Hongbo Yang Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Fengying Gong Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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2014 69 1353 – 1362 . ( https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glu118 ) 18 Ungvari Z Sosnowska D Podlutsky A Koncz P Sonntag WE & Csiszar A . Free radical production, antioxidant capacity, and oxidative stress response signatures in fibroblasts

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Mette Marie Baunsgaard Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Anne Sophie Lind Helligsoe Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Louise Tram Henriksen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Torben Stamm Mikkelsen Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Michael Callesen Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Funen, Denmark

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Britta Weber The Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Henrik Hasle Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Birkebæk Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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peak GH response < 5 ng/mL was interpreted as being diagnostic of GHD in adulthood ( 29 ). A peak GH > 5 ng/mL was interpreted as a normal response. The cut-off values for the GHRH-arginine stimulation test were adjusted for BMI. A peak GH below 11 ng

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Kunzhe Lin Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China

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Lingling Lu Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China

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Zhijie Pei Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China

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Shuwen Mu Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China

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Shaokuan Huang Department of Neurosurgery, Guiqian International General Hospital, Guiyang, China

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Shousen Wang Fuzong Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
Department of Neurosurgery, 900th Hospital, Fuzhou, China

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therapy. Intraoperative stress doses of glucocorticoids were administered intravenously to all patients (except to those with Cushing’s disease) to prevent the rapid surgery-related decline in HPA axis functions. Patients with HPA axis and HPT axis

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