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Diagnostic Clinic, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromso, Norway
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Nielson CM Adams JS Hewison M . Vitamin D and DBP: the free hormone hypothesis revisited . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2014 144 132 – 137 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.09.012 ) 13 Giustina A Adler RA
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hormones, and both testosterone and estrogen maintained osteocalcin levels. The authors suggested that in aging men, estrogen is the dominant sex steroid in regulating bone resorption, whereas both testosterone and estrogen are important in maintaining bone
Department of Clinical Chemistry, Hematology and Immunology, Noordwest Ziekenhuis, Alkmaar, The Netherlands
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Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Metabolism 1986 63 954 – 959 . ( https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-63-4-954 ) 22 Chun RF Peercy BE Orwoll ES Nielson CM Adams JS Hewison M . Vitamin D and DBP: the free hormone hypothesis revisited . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular
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of Hormone Research 2018 50 89 – 113 . ( https://doi.org/10.1159/000486073 ) 20 Ketha H Wadams H Lteif A Singh RJ . Iatrogenic vitamin D toxicity in an infant – a case report and review of literature . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and
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factor‐23 (FGF23), can influence vitamin D metabolism by suppressing 1α(OH)ase activity ( 8 ). Figure 1 Simplified diagram illustrating various functions of vitamin D. Vitamin D is a multifunctional hormone and has been shown to have beneficial
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both at the whole-body level in calcium and phosphate homeostasis and other pleiotropic functions ( 1 , 8 , 59 ) and at the cellular level in a classic steroid hormone super-family like process through a transcriptional mechanism ( 60 ). Over the past
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Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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for bone health in adults include the suppression of parathyroid hormone secretion, higher bone mineral density, reduced rates of bone loss, and decreases in fractures and falls ( 10 , 54 ). There is a general comprehension that circulating 25(OH
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.20452/pamw.4419 ) 32 Kim JK Khan A Cho S Na J Lee Y Bang G Yu WJ Jeong JS Jee SH Park YH . Effect of developmental exposure to bisphenol A on steroid hormone and vitamin D3 metabolism . Chemosphere 2019 237 124469 . ( https
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), 1,25D functions as a steroid hormone to regulate transcription ( 4 ) and epigenomic effects ( 5 ). In this endocrine setting, 1,25D is thus able to promote the gastrointestinal acquisition of dietary minerals such as calcium and phosphate. 1,25D also
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may influence adipose tissue differentiation and growth, impacting obesity through gene expression regulation or by modulating parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, and leptin ( 11 , 12 , 13 ). While several observational studies have explored the link