Pravik Solanki
Pravik Solanki
Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Beng Eu
Beng Eu
Prahran Market Clinic, Victoria, Australia
Department of General Practice, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Department of General Practice, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Jeremy Smith
Jeremy Smith
Faculty of Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Carolyn Allan
Carolyn Allan
Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Kevin Lee
Kevin Lee
Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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Introduction Anabolic–androgenic steroid (AAS) use is illegal if not prescribed by a medical practitioner ( 1 ). Androgens are abused predominantly by young males trying to improve sporting performance or to increase muscle mass and decrease
Silvia Ciancia
Silvia Ciancia
Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Vanessa Dubois
Vanessa Dubois
Basic and Translational Endocrinology (BaTE), Department of Basic and Applied Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Martine Cools
Martine Cools
Department of Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Ghent University, Pediatric Endocrinology Service, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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are reversible, with sex steroid production and pubertal development resuming once the medication is discontinued. Several strategies are available to suppress pubertal development and/or the effects of endogenous sex steroids in the context of TGD
Lauren R Cirrincione
Lauren R Cirrincione
Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Bridgit O Crews
Bridgit O Crews
Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Orange, California, USA
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Jane A Dickerson
Jane A Dickerson
Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Matthew D Krasowski
Matthew D Krasowski
Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Jessica Rongitsch
Jessica Rongitsch
Internal Medicine, Capitol Hill Medical, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Katherine L Imborek
Katherine L Imborek
Department of Family Medicine, University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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Zil Goldstein
Zil Goldstein
Department of Medicine, Callen-Lorde Community Health Center, New York, New York, USA
CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, New York, USA
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CUNY Graduate School of Public Health and Health Policy, New York, New York, USA
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Dina N Greene
Dina N Greene
Washington Kaiser Permanente, Renton, Washington, USA
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Introduction Estradiol (17β-estradiol) is a natural sex steroid available in several exogenous preparations. The Endocrine Society recommended high-dose exogenous estradiol treatment as one part of feminizing hormone therapy for transgender
Shanlee M Davis
Shanlee M Davis
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
eXtraOrdinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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eXtraOrdinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Rhianna Urban
Rhianna Urban
Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Angelo D’Alessandro
Angelo D’Alessandro
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Julie A Reisz
Julie A Reisz
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Christine L Chan
Christine L Chan
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Megan Kelsey
Megan Kelsey
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Susan Howell
Susan Howell
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
eXtraOrdinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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eXtraOrdinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Nicole Tartaglia
Nicole Tartaglia
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
eXtraOrdinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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eXtraOrdinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Philip Zeitler
Philip Zeitler
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
eXtraOrdinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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eXtraOrdinarY Kids Clinic, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Peter Baker II
Peter Baker II
Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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hypogonadism, a nearly universal finding in adult men with KS, has been implicated as the underlying pathologic mechanism leading to this increased risk ( 2 ). As an anabolic steroid, testosterone has effects on body composition and mitochondrial metabolism
Mette Bøgehave
Mette Bøgehave
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital South West Jutland, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Dorte Glintborg
Dorte Glintborg
Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
OPEN, Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
OPEN, Open Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital, Region of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Jørgen Brodersen Gram
Jørgen Brodersen Gram
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital South West Jutland, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Else-Marie Bladbjerg
Else-Marie Bladbjerg
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital South West Jutland, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Marianne Skovsager Andersen
Marianne Skovsager Andersen
Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Johannes Jakobsen Sidelmann
Johannes Jakobsen Sidelmann
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital South West Jutland, University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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Unit for Thrombosis Research, Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark
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without hypogonadism augment the activation of the coagulation system ( 23 ). More extreme doses of androgens, as can be seen during anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) abuse, induce a procoagulant effect related to TF-induced thrombin generation ( 24
Giuseppe Grande
Giuseppe Grande
Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Andrea Graziani
Andrea Graziani
Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Antonella Di Mambro
Antonella Di Mambro
Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Riccardo Selice
Riccardo Selice
Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Alberto Ferlin
Alberto Ferlin
Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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sex steroids at puberty induces and increases bone mineral acquisition and contributes to the establishment of sex differences in bone growth. From mid-puberty onward, boys develop a larger periosteal perimeter than girls, whilst girls have more
Brendan J Nolan
Brendan J Nolan
Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Aviva S Frydman
Aviva S Frydman
Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Shalem Y Leemaqz
Shalem Y Leemaqz
College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Meg Carroll
Meg Carroll
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Mathis Grossmann
Mathis Grossmann
Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Jeffrey D Zajac
Jeffrey D Zajac
Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Ada S Cheung
Ada S Cheung
Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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complete the entire PSQI questionnaire. Figure 1 Study subjects and flow of participants. Baseline clinical characteristics are shown in Table 1 . There was no difference in age, duration of feminising hormone therapy, sex steroid
Magdalena Zgliczyńska
Magdalena Zgliczyńska
Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Neonatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Cegłowska, Warsaw, Poland
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Magdalena Ostrowska
Magdalena Ostrowska
Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Cegłowska, Warsaw, Poland
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Kinga Żebrowska
Kinga Żebrowska
Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Neonatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Cegłowska, Warsaw, Poland
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Iwona Szymusik
Iwona Szymusik
Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Neonatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Cegłowska, Warsaw, Poland
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Konrad Kowalski
Konrad Kowalski
Masdiag Sp. z o.o., Stefana Żeromskiego, Warsaw, Poland
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Dorota Leszczyńska
Dorota Leszczyńska
Department of Endocrinology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Cegłowska, Warsaw, Poland
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Katarzyna Kosińska-Kaczyńska
Katarzyna Kosińska-Kaczyńska
Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology and Neonatology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Cegłowska, Warsaw, Poland
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Mascarenhas MR Haq A Povoroznyuk V Balatska N Barbosa AP Karonova T , Vitamin D supplementation guidelines . Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 2018 175 125 – 135 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.021 ) 2 Chang SW
Yan-yu Zhang
Yan-yu Zhang
Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Xian Zhang
Xian Zhang
Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Shao-yang Bu
Shao-yang Bu
Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Wei-wei Zhang
Wei-wei Zhang
Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Tian-xiu Li
Tian-xiu Li
Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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De-cai Zheng
De-cai Zheng
Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Ze-xiang Huang
Ze-xiang Huang
Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Qian Wang
Qian Wang
Department of Aquaculture, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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Y Matsunaga T Yamamoto N Yamada S Tsukamura H Maeda KI Oka Y . Identification of KiSS-1 product kisspeptin and steroid-sensitive sexually dimorphic kisspeptin neurons in medaka ( Oryzias latipes ) . Endocrinology 2008 149 2467 – 2476
Srdjan Pandurevic
Srdjan Pandurevic
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Ilaria Mancini
Ilaria Mancini
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
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Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
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Dimitri Mitselman
Dimitri Mitselman
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Matteo Magagnoli
Matteo Magagnoli
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Rita Teglia
Rita Teglia
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Roberta Fazzeri
Roberta Fazzeri
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Paola Dionese
Paola Dionese
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Carolina Cecchetti
Carolina Cecchetti
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Massimiliamo Caprio
Massimiliamo Caprio
Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele Roma Open University, Rome, Italy
Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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Laboratory of Cardiovascular Endocrinology, IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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Costanzo Moretti
Costanzo Moretti
Department of Systems Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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Justyna Sicinska
Justyna Sicinska
Dermatology Clinic of CSK MSWiA Hospital, Warsaw, Poland
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Alessandro Agostini
Alessandro Agostini
Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Domenica Gazineo
Domenica Gazineo
Teaching Hospital, S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Lea Godino
Lea Godino
Teaching Hospital, S. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
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Ignacio Sajoux
Ignacio Sajoux
Epigenomics in Endocrinology and Nutrition Group, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitaria (IDIS), Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Spain
Medical Department Pronokal Group, Barcelona, Spain
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Medical Department Pronokal Group, Barcelona, Spain
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Flaminia Fanelli
Flaminia Fanelli
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Cristina M Meriggiola
Cristina M Meriggiola
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
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Unit of Gynecology and Obstetrics, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Italy
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Uberto Pagotto
Uberto Pagotto
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Alessandra Gambineri
Alessandra Gambineri
Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes Prevention and Care, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences (DIMEC), Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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cardio- or cerebrovascular events, uncontrolled hypertension, electrolytic disturbances, any drug capable of interfering with glucose or steroid metabolism, menopause, pregnancy, breastfeeding, and refusal to sign the informed consent form. The study
