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Thozhukat Sathyapalan Department of Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK

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Anne-Marie Coady Department of Obstetric Ultrasound, Hull and East Yorkshire Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Hull, UK

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Eric S Kilpatrick Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Sidra Medical and Research Center, Doha, Qatar

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Stephen L Atkin Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar

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Background Statin (HMG-CoA reductase) treatment is effective in the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events ( 1 , 2 ) and is generally safe and well tolerated ( 2 ). In the West of Scotland Coronary Study

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Melody Lok-Yi Chan Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

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Sammy Wing-Ming Shiu Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

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Ching-Lung Cheung Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

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Anskar Yu-Hung Leung Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

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Kathryn Choon-Beng Tan Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR

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increases the expression of genes that promote cholesterol efflux ( 9 ). In addition to regulation by LXR, it has recently been suggested that statins may potentially influence IDOL expression in vitro ( 10 ). Statins are most widely used in lipid

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Lang Qin Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xiaoming Zhu Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Xiaoxia Liu Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Meifang Zeng Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Ran Tao Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yan Zhuang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yiting Zhou Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Zhaoyun Zhang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai, China

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Yehong Yang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yiming Li Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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Yongfei Wang Division of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Pituitary Tumor Center, Shanghai, China

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Hongying Ye Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

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associated with hypercortisolism. Intensive cholesterol reduction may be beneficial in the treatment of patients with hypertension and normal lipid levels, through a reduction in large artery stiffness. Ferrier found an additional statin therapy led to a

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Anastasia P Athanasoulia-Kaspar Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

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Matthias K Auer Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany

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Günter K Stalla Clinical Neuroendocrinology, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

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Mira Jakovcevski Department of Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

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.a. Waist-to-hip-ratio 67 48 1.03 1.08 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Hypercholesterolemia/statin use 31 (27.0) 0 n.a. n.a. 14 (13.2) 2 n.a. n.a. 0.016 Triglycerides (mg/dL) 98 17 141.04 80.1 n.a. n

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Merlin C Thomas Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

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Brendon L Neuen The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Stephen M Twigg The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Mark E Cooper Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

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Sunil V Badve The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Renal Medicine, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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-pressure-independent renoprotective actions appear modest and limited to the prevention of new-onset macroalbuminuria ( 23 ). The use of high-potency statins in patients with CKD is also standard of care ( 15 ) because the CV risk of most people with T2D and CKD usually exceeds 10

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Selina Mäkinen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Neeta Datta Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Yen H Nguyen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Petro Kyrylenko Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Markku Laakso Institute of Clinical Medicine, Internal Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland

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Heikki A Koistinen Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
Department of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland

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Introduction HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, statins, lower cholesterol levels by inhibiting mevalonate formation, the rate-limiting step in the cholesterol biosynthesis ( 1 ). These drugs are widely used and effective in primary ( 2 , 3 ) and

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Chaiho Jeong Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Bongseong Kim Department of Medical Statistics, Soongsil University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jinyoung Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hansang Baek Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Mee Kyoung Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Tae-Seo Sohn Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Ki-Hyun Baek Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Ki-Ho Song Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hyun-Shik Son Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Kyungdo Han Department of Medical Statistics, Soongsil University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hyuk-Sang Kwon Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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dichotomized at the lowest 25%. We defined a statin user as a person who had a prescription of a statin within 1 year of health examination. Blood samples for measurements of serum glucose, creatinine, and lipid levels were drawn after an overnight fast. Blood

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Kristin Godang Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

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Karolina Lundstam Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Charlotte Mollerup Clinic of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Center HOC, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Stine Lyngvi Fougner Department of Endocrinology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway

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Ylva Pernow Departments of Molecular Medicine, Surgery and Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

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Jörgen Nordenström Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Thord Rosén Department of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Svante Jansson Department of Endocrine Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Mikael Hellström Department of Radiology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Jens Bollerslev Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

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Ansgar Heck Section of Specialized Endocrinology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

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the SIPH Study Group
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statins in study period. The decrease in the OBS group was not significant ( P  = 0.079), and there was no difference between groups ( P  = 0.12). Table 2 Metabolic parameters, change over time and between the two randomization groups over

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Josephina G Kuiper PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, AE Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Aline C Fenneman Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Anne H van der Spek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Elena Rampanelli Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Max Nieuwdorp Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Myrthe P P van Herk-Sukel Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands

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Valery E P P Lemmens Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, Netherlands

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Ernst J Kuipers Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Ron M C Herings PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, AE Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Eric Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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that potentially decrease the risk of CRC including use of aspirin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), statins, antidiabetics (both oral antidiabetics and insulin), hormone replacement therapy, and oral contraceptives. Non-users of

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Simon Chang Unit for Thrombosis Research, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Christian Fynbo Christiansen Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Anders Bojesen Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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Svend Juul Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark

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Anna-Marie B Münster Unit for Thrombosis Research, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark and Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Hospital of South West Denmark, Esbjerg, Denmark

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Claus H Gravholt Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark

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of disease-specific medications were assessed to indirectly evaluate the incidence and timing of comorbidities, for example, insulin or oral antidiabetics as an indicator for diabetes and statins for hypercholesterolemia. Results from clinical

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