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Cheryl M Isherwood Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom

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M Denise Robertson Section of Metabolic Medicine, Food and Macronutrients, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom

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Debra J Skene Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom

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Jonathan D Johnston Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom

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-prandial responses, glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity ( 10 , 11 , 12 ). The SCN clock can synchronise peripheral clocks via a combination of neuronal, endocrine and behavioural pathways (e.g. the overt daily sleep–wake and feed–fast cycles) ( 13 ). Of

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Sun Fei Wuxi Medical College of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China

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Min Liu Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi, China

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Hu Shanshan Wuxi Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Wuxi, China

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Ruijie Xie Department of Microsurgery, University of South China, Hengyang, China

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Wu Danni Wuxi Medical College of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China

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Zhou Ningying Wuxi Medical College of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China

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, and sleep disorders were also included. Detailed measurement processes of these variables are publicly available at www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/ . Statistical analysis In descriptive analysis, data description and statistical analysis were based

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Robert Maidstone Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

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Martin K Rutter Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK

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Thomas Marjot Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Oxford Liver Unit, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK

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David W Ray Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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Matthew Baxter Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, and Oxford Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, and NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK

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.87 (74.65) Sleep duration (h) 7.05 (1.02) 6.92 (1.22) 6.69 (1.48) Chronotype (%)  Morning 23.37 24.5 19.39  Intermediate 58.76 56.04 49.65  Evening 7.97 8.66 16.87 Ethnicity

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Ann-Cathrin Koschker Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University & University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Bodo Warrings Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University & University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Caroline Morbach Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University & University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Florian Seyfried Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Nicole Rickert Department of Radiology, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Pius Jung Division of Pneumology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Andreas Geier Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Ulrich Dischinger Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Maike Krauthausen Department of General Practice, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Martin J Herrmann Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Christine Stier Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular, and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Stefan Frantz Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University & University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Uwe Malzahn Center for Clinical Trials, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Stefan Störk Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University & University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Martin Fassnacht Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University & University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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the WAS Study Group
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the WAS Study Group

. documentation of concomitant drugs) Open and standardized questions Obesity-related comorbidities Comprehensive laboratory assessment Blood analysis a For example, adverse events and comorbidities Obstructive sleep apnea screening Apnea

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Rama Lakshman Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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Charlotte Boughton Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wolfson Diabetes and Endocrine Clinic, Cambridge, UK

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Roman Hovorka Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK

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/L and no autocorrections Ease-off mode: target 7 mmol/L, less insulin delivery ~−35% Sleep Activity: target 6.25–6.7 mmol/L basal rate modulation only; Activity mode: target +3.8 mmol/L and less aggressive algorithm Activity mode: target 8.3 mmol

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Patricia Arroyo Tardio University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland

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Gabriela Baldini University Clinic of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland

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Eleonora Seelig University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
University Clinic of Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Baselland, Liestal, Switzerland

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Weibel L Follenius M Spiegel K Ehrhart J & Brandenberger G . Comparative effect of night and daytime sleep on the 24-hour cortisol secretory profile . Sleep 1995 18 549 – 556 . 14 Wilhelm I Born J Kudielka BM Schlotz W & Wust S

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Molly L Tanenbaum Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

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Persis V Commissariat Section on Clinical, Behavioral, and Outcomes Research, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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), users have suggested that alarms can evoke strong negative emotional responses in people (e.g. anger, frustration, and panic) ( 25 ) or feelings of failure in not achieving target glucose levels ( 23 ). They can also contribute to sleep disruptions ( 15

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Tsung-Hui Wu Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Guan-Yu Su Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Tsung-Yun Liu Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan

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Hsiang-Tsui Wang Institute of Food Safety and Health Risk Assessment, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
PhD Program in Toxicology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Chii-Min Hwu Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan

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participants were asked to recall the amount of time per day for each of five levels of activity in a representative day within the past two weeks. The five levels of activity were basal (sleeping or lying down), sedentary (sitting or standing), slight (e

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Jared G Friedman Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States

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Kasey Coyne Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States

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Grazia Aleppo Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States

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Emily D Szmuilowicz Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Molecular Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, United States

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the wearer is in a position in which the CGM and nearby local tissue get compressed, often during sleep ( 44 ). Device compression can result in a falsely low reading, and when the device is linked to an alarm for severe hypoglycemia, the sleeping

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Kathryn Lingen Close Concerns, San Francisco, California, USA

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Talia Pikounis Close Concerns, San Francisco, California, USA

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Natalie Bellini University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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Diana Isaacs Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

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-up easier for people with diabetes and their HCPs. Integration with other types of data like sleep length and quality, nutrition, physical activity and screen time could also be helpful, along with using artificial intelligence to make personalized

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