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Morten Ruge Center for Clinical Research and Disease Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tea Skaaby Center for Clinical Research and Disease Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anna-Maria Andersson Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Allan Linneberg Center for Clinical Research and Disease Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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likely to rise with it ( 3 ). The need for sleep changes as humans grow older. It is recommended that newborns sleep 14–17 h per day, but as humans reach the age of 18 years, the need for sleep stabilizes at 7–9 h of sleep per night ( 4 ). Insomnia is

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Brendan J Nolan Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Aviva S Frydman Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Shalem Y Leemaqz College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Meg Carroll Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Mathis Grossmann Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Jeffrey D Zajac Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Ada S Cheung Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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( 8 ). Pre-clinical data demonstrates modulation of the γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA-A) receptor, and micronised progesterone treatment has been found to reduce sleep onset latency and to improve self-reported sleep outcomes in randomised

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Nafiye Helvaci Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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Erdem Karabulut Department of Biostatistics, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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Ahmet Ugur Demir Department of Chest Diseases, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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Bulent Okan Yildiz Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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growing body of literature suggesting that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can be added to the list of cardiometabolic disorders in PCOS. OSA is a relatively common and chronic sleep disorder characterized by recurrent complete (apnea) or partial (hypopnea

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Jessica S Jarmasz Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Yan Jin Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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Hana Vakili Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA

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Peter A Cattini Department of Physiology & Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

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has been heavily studied ( 2 ). Serum levels of hGH vary considerably over the course of the day and during the night as it is dependent on a variety of factors including (and not limited to) the circadian rhythm, sleep–wake cycle, diet, metabolism

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Lukas Engler Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany

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Christian Adolf Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany

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Daniel A Heinrich Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany

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Anna-Katharine Brem Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
Division of Interventional Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Anna Riester Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany

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Anna Franke Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany

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Felix Beuschlein Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany

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Martin Reincke Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany

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Axel Steiger Max-Planck-Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany

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Heike Künzel Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munchen, Germany

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drugs or hormonal therapy were excluded. Use of drugs or extensive abuse of alcohol was not allowed. Patients with further hormonal disturbances or known sleeping disorders were not enclosed. The study was performed in accordance with the Declaration

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Liselot Koelman Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany

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Robin Reichmann Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany

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Claudia Börnhorst Department of Biometry and Data Management, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany

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Matthias B Schulze Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Nuthetal, Germany
Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany

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Cornelia Weikert Department of Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany

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Ronald Biemann Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

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Berend Isermann Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany

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Andreas Fritsche Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nephrology, Vascular Disease and Clinical Chemistry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany

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Krasimira Aleksandrova Department of Epidemiological Methods and Etiological Research, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology – BIPS, Bremen, Germany
Faculty of Human and Health Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany

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-demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors, that is, smoking, physical activity, sleeping habits, alcohol consumption, medication, self-reported health satisfaction, and prevalent diseases, were collected using computer-assisted personal interviews. Participants were

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Sarah J Hall Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
Bushfire and Natural Hazards Cooperative Research Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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Brad Aisbett Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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Samuel J Robertson Institute of Sport, Exercise & Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Footscray, Victoria, Australia

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Sally A Ferguson Appleton Institute, School of Health, Medical and Applied Sciences, Central Queensland University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia

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Anne I Turner Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

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European Union ( 3 ) regularly operating with on-call as part of their normal work scheduling. There are two main forms of on-call work: on-call on-site, where workers remain at work while on-call and are usually provided a place to sleep, and on-call from

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M Guftar Shaikh Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Timothy G Barrett Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Womens and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK
Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK

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Nicola Bridges Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK

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Robin Chung Research Working Group, Prader-Willi Syndrome Association, Northampton, UK

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Evelien F Gevers Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Barts Health NHS Trust, Royal London Hospital, London, UK
Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK

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Anthony P Goldstone PsychoNeuroEndocrinologyResearch Group, Division of Psychiatry, Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
Department of Endocrinology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK

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Anthony Holland Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Shankar Kanumakala Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK

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Ruth Krone Department of Endocrinology, Birmingham Womens and Children’s Hospital, Birmingham, UK

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Andreas Kyriakou Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Makarios Children's Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus

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E Anne Livesey Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK
Sussex Community NHS Trust, Brighton, UK

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Angela K Lucas-Herald Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
Developmental Endocrinology Research Group, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

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Christina Meade CHI at Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

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Susan Passmore Prader-Willi Syndrome Association, Northampton, UK

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Edna Roche CHI at Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland

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Chris Smith Royal Alexandra Children’s Hospital, Brighton, UK

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Sarita Soni Learning Disability Psychiatry, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, UK

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insufficiency (CAI) are more rare. Other problems include scoliosis, which is related to hypotonia, respiratory difficulties, both central and obstructive sleep apnoea, as well as developmental delay and learning disabilities with temper tantrums, and skin

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Hershel Raff Division of Endocrinology, Division of Nephrology, Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine
Division of Endocrinology, Division of Nephrology, Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine
Division of Endocrinology, Division of Nephrology, Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine
Division of Endocrinology, Division of Nephrology, Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine

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Hariprasad Trivedi Division of Endocrinology, Division of Nephrology, Endocrine Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine

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obtained using the Salivette (Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) every 2 h except for the 2400–0400 h samples while the subjects were sleeping. Breakfast was provided at ∼0800 h, lunch was provided at ∼1200 h (after the blood draw), dinner was provided at ∼1700

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Yi Wang Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Yingying Xu Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Rongrong Xie Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

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Bingyan Cao Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Yuan Ding Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Jiayun Guo Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Xiaoqiao Li Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Xiaolin Ni Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Zheng Yuan Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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Linqi Chen Department of Endocrinology, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China

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Liyang Liang Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China

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Chunxiu Gong Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
National Center for Children’s Health, Beijing, China

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hormone abnormalities (hypernatremia, central hypothyroidism, growth hormone deficiency, adrenocortical insufficiency, and puberty-related disorders) and hyperprolactinemia. Patients may exhibit obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) during

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