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Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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illness ( 9 , 10 , 11 ), termed relative adrenal insufficiency. After the second week of life, HPA axis has been shown to recover rapidly ( 12 ). It has been suggested that sex-specific differences in HPA axis activity might explain part of the male
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Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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infectious diseases and are more likely to engage in violent competition ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Moreover, males and females differ in cardiovascular disease susceptibility ( 4 ). Sex differences in HPA-axis settings have been hypothesized to play a role in these
Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Research Center for Environment and Developmental Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Setagaya, Tokyo, Japan
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revealed slight sex differences in circulating E 2 levels in children below 7 years of age ( 6 ). These results indicate that sex-specific hormone production begins before adrenarche. However, given the limited number of previous reports, these data
Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Uberlandia (UFU), Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Department of Pediatrics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Poison Control Center, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Center for Molecular Biology and Genetics Engineering (CBMEG), UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Department of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Department of Pediatrics, FCM, UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Introduction The determination of steroid hormone concentration, which is part of the initial approach in the diagnosis of disorders of sex development (DSD), is one of the challenges in pediatric endocrinology ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Based on the
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St.Anna Kinderspital, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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significantly between the different age groups: after adjustment for sex differences, the highest estimated dose was given in the youngest age group (0–3 months): 19.4 (18.9–19.8) mg ( n = 329) in comparison with all other groups ( P < 0.0001), whereas the HC
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among studies, including differences in sex, age-stage, and race/ethnicity. According to the STROBE statement ( 19 ), subgroup analysis can make better use of data. In our subgroup analysis, we found inflection points in the 12–15 year old group, female
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obese children . Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2018 1411 166 – 183 . ( https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13602 ) 4 Staiano AE Broyles ST Gupta AK Katzmarzyk PT . Ethnic and sex differences in visceral, subcutaneous, and total
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Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-infantili, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
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Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-infantili, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
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Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Riabilitazione, Oftalmologia, Genetica e Scienze Materno-infantili, Università di Genova, Genova, Italy
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physiological, the diagnostic cut-off is often arbitrarily established, testing modalities and GH assays are widely variable among different centres. Furthermore, GH secretion may be influenced by factors such obesity, undernutrition, sex, age and puberty ( 4
Division of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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APHP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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IRCCS SDN, Naples, Italy
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APHP, Department of Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Paris Sud – Paris Saclay University, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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APHP, Department of Molecular Genetics, Pharmacogenetics and Hormonology, Bicêtre Paris-Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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Hôpital Necker EnfantsMalades APHP, INSERM U1151, Paris, France
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APHP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
APHP, Department of Adolescent Medicine, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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APHP, Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology for Children, Bicêtre Paris Saclay Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
Paris Sud – Paris Saclay University, Faculté de Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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charts ( 13 ). Z-score for weight was obtained only for children from 0 to 10 years. In each group, subjects were classified based on International Obesity Taskforce (IOTF) BMI cut off values for age and sex as overweight or obese (BMI IOTF 25–30 or ≥30
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Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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years to avoid confounding by age at last measurement. Regarding delay in BA, a mean BA–CA difference was calculated for each patient across ages of 6 to 16.5 years and tested with a one sample t -test against a mean difference of 0. Comparison of