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W N H Koek Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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N Campos-Obando Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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B C J van der Eerden Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Y B de Rijke Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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M A Ikram Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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A G Uitterlinden Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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J P T M van Leeuwen Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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M C Zillikens Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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-specific incidences ( 3 , 5 , 6 ), which might be related to sex differences in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. In a population-based study (W N H Koek et al. , unpublished observations) we found postmenopausal women to have higher serum calcium and phosphate

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Britt J van Keulen Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Michelle Romijn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Bibian van der Voorn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Kinderziekenhuis, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Marita de Waard Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, locations AMC and VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Michaela F Hartmann Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany

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Johannes B van Goudoever Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, locations AMC and VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Stefan A Wudy Steroid Research and Mass Spectrometry Unit, Laboratory for Translational Hormone Analytics, Pediatric Endocrinology & Diabetology, Center of Child and Adolescent Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany

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Joost Rotteveel Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Martijn J J Finken Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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illness ( 9 , 10 , 11 ), termed relative adrenal insufficiency. After the second week of life, HPA axis has been shown to recover rapidly ( 12 ). It has been suggested that sex-specific differences in HPA axis activity might explain part of the male

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Marie Lindhardt Ljubicic Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Trine Holm Johannsen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Margit Bistrup Fischer Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Emmie N Upners Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Alexander S Busch Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Katharina M Main Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anna-Maria Andersson Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Casper P Hagen Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Anders Juul Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital – Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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clinically. Particularly, in patients with differences of sex development (DSD), a heterogeneous group of conditions in which the anatomical, gonadal, or chromosomal sex is affected ( 4 ), the ratio would be of potential interest. In some newborns with DSD

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Fang Lv Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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Xiaoling Cai Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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Chu Lin Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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Tianpei Hong Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China

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Xiaomei Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China

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Zhufeng Wang Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Guanganmen Hospital, Beijing, China

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Huifang Xing Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beijing Mentougou Hospital, Beijing, China

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Guizhi Zong Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Beijing Jingmei Group General hospital, Beijing, China

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Juming Lu Department of Endocrinology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China

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Xiaohui Guo Department of Endocrinology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China

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Jing Wu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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Leili Gao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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Xianghai Zhou Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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Xueyao Han Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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Linong Ji Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Peking University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China

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( 21 ). As for sex- and age-difference in the trend of BMI, it was supposed that, younger males generally have more fat-free muscle compared with females ( 22 , 23 ), which might exhibit higher BMI in younger males. Aging, in particular menopause

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Mohamed Hssaini Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, Morocco
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Food, and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco

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Sana Abourazzak Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, Morocco

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Ihsane El Otmani Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technologies, Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Hassan First University of Settat, Morocco

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Mohamed Ahakoud Medical Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, Morocco

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Amina Ameli Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, Morocco

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Laila Bouguenouch Medical Genetics Laboratory, University Hospital Center Hassan II, Fez, Morocco

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Hicham Bekkari Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Food, and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco

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Introduction Differences (or disorders) of sex development (DSD) are defined as congenital conditions in which inconsistencies occur in chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomical (genital) sex development ( 1 ). DSD exhibits intricate

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Jeonghoon Ha Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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Jeongmin Lee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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Kwanhoon Jo Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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Dong-Jun Lim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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Moo Il Kang Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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Bong Yun Cha Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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Min-Hee Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea

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be in CKD stages 1 and 2. The results of analysis of baseline characteristics by sex are summarized in Table 2 . There was a clear difference between men and women for smoking status: of the 2545 men, 1933 (76.0%) were smokers, while only 276 of 2343

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Sandra N Slagter Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Robert P van Waateringe Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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André P van Beek Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Melanie M van der Klauw Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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prevalence of each metabolic risk component differs with sex ( 3 , 4 , 5 ). Especially abdominal obesity is more common in women ( 2 , 4 , 5 ). Whether the sex differences in the MetS features persist within different body mass index (BMI) classes and

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Yunting Lin Department of Surgical Medicine, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

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Endi Song Department of Internal Medicine, Ningbo Yinzhou No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

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Han Jin Department of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

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Yong Jin Department of Internal Medicine, Ningbo Yinzhou No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

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regulate endothelial function by modulating nitric oxide release ( 49 ), which is partly similar to the mechanism of reproductive hormones. Compared to sex hormones, reproductive hormones may identify differences and assess CVD risk earlier. Previous

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Christos Tsatsanis Department of Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece

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Angel Elenkov Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden

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Irene Leijonhufvud Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden

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Katerina Vaporidi Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Åsa Tivesten Wallenberg Laboratory for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Aleksander Giwercman Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden

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, whereas the difference between the two latter was statistically significant ( P  = 0.012) ( Fig. 1A and Table 3 ), following adjustment for age. Figure 1 BAFF serum levels were higher in the CW and TW groups (A) and were dependent on sex hormones

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Britt J van Keulen Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Conor V Dolan Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Bibian van der Voorn Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Sophia Kinderziekenhuis, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Ruth Andrew Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK

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Brian R Walker Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK
Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Hilleke Hulshoff Pol Department of Psychiatry, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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Dorret I Boomsma Department of Biological Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Joost Rotteveel Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Martijn J J Finken Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pediatric Endocrinology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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infectious diseases and are more likely to engage in violent competition ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Moreover, males and females differ in cardiovascular disease susceptibility ( 4 ). Sex differences in HPA-axis settings have been hypothesized to play a role in these

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