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Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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-specific incidences ( 3 , 5 , 6 ), which might be related to sex differences in calcium and phosphate homeostasis. In a population-based study (W N H Koek et al. , unpublished observations) we found postmenopausal women to have higher serum calcium and phosphate
Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, de Boelelaan, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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illness ( 9 , 10 , 11 ), termed relative adrenal insufficiency. After the second week of life, HPA axis has been shown to recover rapidly ( 12 ). It has been suggested that sex-specific differences in HPA axis activity might explain part of the male
International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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clinically. Particularly, in patients with differences of sex development (DSD), a heterogeneous group of conditions in which the anatomical, gonadal, or chromosomal sex is affected ( 4 ), the ratio would be of potential interest. In some newborns with DSD
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( 21 ). As for sex- and age-difference in the trend of BMI, it was supposed that, younger males generally have more fat-free muscle compared with females ( 22 , 23 ), which might exhibit higher BMI in younger males. Aging, in particular menopause
Laboratory of Biotechnology, Environment, Food, and Health, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
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Introduction Differences (or disorders) of sex development (DSD) are defined as congenital conditions in which inconsistencies occur in chromosomal, gonadal, and anatomical (genital) sex development ( 1 ). DSD exhibits intricate
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be in CKD stages 1 and 2. The results of analysis of baseline characteristics by sex are summarized in Table 2 . There was a clear difference between men and women for smoking status: of the 2545 men, 1933 (76.0%) were smokers, while only 276 of 2343
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prevalence of each metabolic risk component differs with sex ( 3 , 4 , 5 ). Especially abdominal obesity is more common in women ( 2 , 4 , 5 ). Whether the sex differences in the MetS features persist within different body mass index (BMI) classes and
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regulate endothelial function by modulating nitric oxide release ( 49 ), which is partly similar to the mechanism of reproductive hormones. Compared to sex hormones, reproductive hormones may identify differences and assess CVD risk earlier. Previous
Molecular Reproductive Research Group, Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, FORTH, Heraklion, Greece
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Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
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Reproductive Medicine Centre, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö, Sweden
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, whereas the difference between the two latter was statistically significant ( P = 0.012) ( Fig. 1A and Table 3 ), following adjustment for age. Figure 1 BAFF serum levels were higher in the CW and TW groups (A) and were dependent on sex hormones
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Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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infectious diseases and are more likely to engage in violent competition ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Moreover, males and females differ in cardiovascular disease susceptibility ( 4 ). Sex differences in HPA-axis settings have been hypothesized to play a role in these