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Rong Xu Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China

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Difei Lian Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China

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Yan Xie Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China

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Lin Mu Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China

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Yali Wu Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China

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Zhilei Chen Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China

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Baoyu Zhang Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Lu He Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetes Research and Care, Beijing, China

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antioxidant property ( 7 ). Hyperuricemia (HUA) is defined as the level of serum uric acid (sUA) >6.0 mg/dL (>360 µmol/L) for females and >7.0 mg/dL (>420 µmol/L) for males ( 8 ). Elevated sUA levels may lead to the deposition of urate crystals in the joints

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Yutong Zou Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Lijun Zhao Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Junlin Zhang Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Yiting Wang Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Yucheng Wu Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Honghong Ren Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Tingli Wang Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Rui Zhang Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Jiali Wang Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Yuancheng Zhao Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Chunmei Qin Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Huan Xu Division of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Lin Li Division of Pathology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Zhonglin Chai Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

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Mark E Cooper Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

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Nanwei Tong Division of Endocrinology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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Fang Liu Division of Nephrology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
Laboratory of Diabetic Kidney Disease, Centre of Diabetes and Metabolism Research, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

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the last decade. In China Kidney Disease Network 2015 annual data report, diabetes-related kidney disease is now the leading cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), accounting for 26.96% ( 2 ). Serum uric acid (SUA) level has been widely recognized as

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Zhenyu Liu Department of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tongzhou District, Beijing, China

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Huixi Kong Department of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Haidian District, Beijing, China

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Baoyu Zhang Center for Endocrine Metabolism and Immune Diseases, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Tongzhou District, Beijing, China

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mechanisms mainly include metformin, thiazolidinediones (TZDs) α-glucosidase inhibitors, and sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). The formation of serum uric acid (SUA) is the ribose 5-phosphate, a pentose derived from glycidic metabolism

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V G Pluimakers Princess Máxima Centre for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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M van Waas Department of Paediatric Oncology/Haematology, Erasmus MC–Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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C W N Looman Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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M P de Maat Department of Haematology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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R de Jonge Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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P Delhanty Section Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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M Huisman Section Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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F U S Mattace-Raso Section Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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M M van den Heuvel-Eibrink Princess Máxima Centre for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands

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S J C M M Neggers Princess Máxima Centre for Paediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Section Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Borghi C . Serum uric acid predicts incident metabolic syndrome in the elderly in an analysis of the Brisighella Heart Study . Scientific Reports 2018 8 11529 . 10.1038/s41598-018-29955-w 18 Herder C Karakas M Koenig W . Biomarkers for

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Victor Jing-Wei Kang Departments of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Bo-Ching Lee Departments of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Jia-Zheng Huang Departments of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Vin-Cent Wu Departments of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Yen-Hung Lin Departments of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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Chin-Chen Chang Departments of Medical Imaging, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

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TAIPAI group
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using the Mann–Whitney U test. PSM was used to balance possible confounders between patients with APA and patients with IHA. Clinical variables including age, sex, serum calcium, phosphate, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and uric acid were included

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Ling Hu Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

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Ting Li Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

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Xiao-Ling Yin Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

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Yi Zou Department of Endocrinology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China

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-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) measurements were performed by lipid spectroscopy. Uric acid level was determined by uricase. Fasting insulin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free T3 (FT3), and free T4 (FT4) levels were detected by electrochemiluminescence

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Ying Hua Department of Administrative Office, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Jinqiong Fang Department of Administrative Office, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Xiaocong Yao Department of Osteoporosis Care and Control, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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Zhongxin Zhu Department of Osteoporosis Care and Control, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Department of Clinical Research Center, The First People's Hospital of Xiaoshan District, Xiaoshan Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China

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doctor to have diabetes or with a HbA1c ≥6.5%), total protein, blood urea nitrogen, serum uric acid, serum phosphorus, and serum calcium levels, as continuous variables; and gender, race, educational level, moderate recreational activities, and smoked at

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Line K Johnson Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway

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Kirsten B Holven Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway
Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway

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Njord Nordstrand Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway

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Jan R Mellembakken Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway

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Tom Tanbo Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway
Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway

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Jøran Hjelmesæth Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway
Morbid Obesity Centre, Department of Nutrition, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Vestfold Hospital Trust, PO Box 2168, 3103 Tønsberg, Norway

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added as a sweetening ingredient. Human studies and animal models have demonstrated that fructose increases serum uric acid levels (12, 13) . A rise in uric acid levels inhibits nitric oxide availability (13) . Because insulin requires nitric oxide to

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Jun-Xin Yan The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Bin-Jing Pan The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Ping-Ping Zhao The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Li-Ting Wang The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Jing-Fang Liu The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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Song-Bo Fu The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
Department of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China

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hemoglobin concentration; RBC count, red blood cell count; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TBil, total bilirubin; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglyceride; TP, total protein; UA, uric acid; VB12, vitamin B12. Comparison of serum ferritin and the

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Yuka Goto Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan

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Yoshie Otsuka Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan

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Kenji Ashida Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan

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Ayako Nagayama Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan

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Nao Hasuzawa Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan

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Shimpei Iwata Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan

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Kento Hara Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan

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Munehisa Tsuruta Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan

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Nobuhiko Wada Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan

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Seiichi Motomura Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Center, Kurume Medical Center, Kokubu-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan

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Yuji Tajiri Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diabetes Center, Kurume Medical Center, Kokubu-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan

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Masatoshi Nomura Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Asahi-machi, Kurume-city, Fukuoka, Japan

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composition, glucose metabolism, serum uric acid and lipid metabolism, and urinary glucose excretion, did not show any significant correlations with the log GIR ( Table 2 ). Table 1 Baseline participant characteristics ( n  = 20). Variables

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