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Niels B Dalsgaard Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Lærke S Gasbjerg Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Laura S Hansen Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Dennis S Nielsen Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torben S Rasmussen Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark

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impact of acarbose on host GM and health ( 8 , 13 , 14 , 15 ). Here, using faecal samples collected in a previously published randomised double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial ( 7 , 16 ), we investigated the effects of a 2-week treatment

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Pernille H Hellmann Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jonatan I Bagger Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Katrine R Carlander Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Katrine B Hansen Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Julie L Forman Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Joachim Størling Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Elizaveta Chabanova Department of Radiology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Jens Holst Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Tina Vilsbøll Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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The study was a single-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, double-dummy, three-arm, parallel-group study conducted from December 2019 to June 2021 at Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen

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Panisa Hantrakun Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Rattanaporn Sekararithi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Thidarat Jaiwongkam Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center (CERT), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Sirinart Kumfu Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center (CERT), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Chatree Chai-adisaksopha Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Nipon Chattipakorn Cardiac Electrophysiology Research and Training Center (CERT), Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Theera Tongsong Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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Phudit Jatavan Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand

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-selectin and oxidative stress biomarker (8IsoP levels) between the intervention group (taking metformin) and placebo group (taking placebo) at 27–31 weeks’ gestation and before delivery (after taking drugs 6 weeks), as primary objectives and to compare the MPV

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Katrine M Lauritsen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Jens Hohwü Voigt Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

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Steen Bønløkke Pedersen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Troels K Hansen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Møller Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Niels Jessen Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Lars C Gormsen Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark

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Esben Søndergaard Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Danish Diabetes Academy, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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fatty acids in adipose tissue, we investigated the effects of 4 weeks of SGLT2 inhibition in a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled crossover trial. The short duration of the intervention allowed us to determine the weight loss

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Aliyu Tijani Jibril Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Ahmad Jayedi Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran

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Sakineh Shab-Bidar Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Criteria used for inclusion of randomized controlled trials. Participants Type 2 diabetes patients (men and women), 18 years and above, with any sample size Intervention Oral supplementation of ALA ≥4 weeks Comparator Placebo

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Merlin C Thomas Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

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Brendon L Neuen The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Stephen M Twigg The University of Sydney School of Medicine, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Endocrinology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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Mark E Cooper Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

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Sunil V Badve The George Institute for Global Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Department of Renal Medicine, St George Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

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a reduced incidence of CV death (HR 0.84; 95% CI 0.74–0.96) ( 36 , 38 ), the single major cause of death in this setting. As a result, the risk of all-cause mortality was also reduced by 14% with SGLT2 inhibition treatment compared with placebo (HR

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Jonathan Hazlehurst Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Bernard Khoo Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK

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Carolina Brito Lobato Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark

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Ibiyemi Ilesanmi Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Sally Abbott Department of Dietetics, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Tin Chan Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

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Sanesh Pillai Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK

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Kate Maslin School of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK

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Sanjay Purkayastha Brunel University, London, UK
Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St Mary’s Hospital, London, UK

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Barbara McGowan Endocrinology, Guys’ and St Thomas’s NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Rob Andrews University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK

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Eveleigh Nicholson Portsmouth Hospitals University NHS Trust, Portsmouth, UK

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Katherine McCullough Royal Surrey County Hospital, Guildford, UK

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Lorraine Albon University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing, UK

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Rachel Batterham Endocrinology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK

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Georgios K Dimitriadis King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

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Shareen Forbes BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

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Gavin Bewick School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK

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Tricia M-M Tan Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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recommended international non-proprietary name avexitide) leads to the correction of hypoglycaemia and reduced hyperinsulinaemia in response to an MMT or OGTT and reduced hypoglycaemic symptoms in people with PBH ( 10 , 107 , 108 , 109 ). A phase II placebo

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Svjatoslavs Kistkins Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Othmar Moser Division of Exercise Physiology and Metabolism, Institute of Sport Science, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany

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Vitālijs Ankudovičs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Dmitrijs Blizņuks Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Timurs Mihailovs Institute of Smart Computing Technologies, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia

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Sergejs Lobanovs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia

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Harald Sourij Trials Unit for Interdisciplinary Metabolic Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Diabetolgoy, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Andreas F H Pfeiffer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité University Medicine, Hindenburgdamm, Berlin, Germany

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Valdis Pīrāgs Pauls Stradiņš Clinical University Hospital, Riga, Latvia
Faculty of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

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analogue and glucagon. Despite the effect of long-term hormonal intervention, the mean difference between the placebo and the short-term dual infusion of glucagon and GLP-1 was 146 kcal/day ( 44 ). The main implication was that GLP-1-stimulated insulin

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Marie Oertel Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Christian G Ziegler Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus Dresden, Dresden, Germany

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Michael Kohlhaas Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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Alexander Nickel Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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Simon Kloock Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Christoph Maack Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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Vasco Sequeira Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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Martin Fassnacht Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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Ulrich Dischinger Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, Würzburg, Germany

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% compared to placebo ( 21 ). PYY, structurally related to neuropeptide Y, is co-secreted with proglucagon-derived peptides like GLP1 from L cells in the lower gut. Serum levels of PYY increase after food intake ( 22 ). Following secretion, PYY is rapidly

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Shanhong Li Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China

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Jincheng Tao Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China

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Jie Tang Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China

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Yanting Chu Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China

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Huiqun Wu Department of Medical Informatics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China

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use of placebo and the implementation of a blind method by operators, which is difficult to practically perform in the process of program-based digital technology verification. Even if RCTs have been published, these problems are worth scrutinizing

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