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Luca Giovanella Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland

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Maria Luisa Garo Mathsly Research, Brescia and Vibo Valentia, Italy

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Domenico Albano Nuclear Medicine, University of Brescia and Spedali Civili Brescia, Brescia, Italy

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Rainer Görges Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany

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Luca Ceriani Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Oncology Research, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland

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independently assessed the risk of bias of included studies using the NIH quality assessment tool for observational cohorts ( https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools ). The tool comprises 14 criteria; the overall assessment is

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Josephina G Kuiper PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, AE Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Aline C Fenneman Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Anne H van der Spek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Elena Rampanelli Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Max Nieuwdorp Department of Clinical and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Myrthe P P van Herk-Sukel Department of Internal Medicine and Dermatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands

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Valery E P P Lemmens Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, Utrecht, Netherlands

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Ernst J Kuipers Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands

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Ron M C Herings PHARMO Institute for Drug Outcomes Research, AE Utrecht, Netherlands
Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Eric Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism (AGEM), Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands

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. However, it is unlikely that a large proportion of our study population had untreated overt thyroid disease during the available observation period of 7.3 years. A recent cohort study from the Netherlands showed that only 0.44% of their study population

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Kazhan Mollazadegan Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Britt Skogseid Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Johan Botling Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Tobias Åkerström Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Barbro Eriksson Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Staffan Welin Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Anders Sundin Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Joakim Crona Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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group. Methods The study was approved by the Ethical Review Board in Uppsala (reference ID: 2015/544). Patients provided written informed consent. The study is reported according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in

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Orwa Dandash Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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James Allebone Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Adam Mirabelli Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Nicholas Russell Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Mathis Grossmann Department of Endocrinology, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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Andrea Gogos Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
Department of Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

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Richard A Kanaan Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia

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on our previous investigation in this group ( 32 ) and results from other observational studies investigating changes in fat mass after 6 months of ADT ( 34 ), we used a conservative difference of 4.3% and s.d. of 7.1% that yielded 43 participants

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Nikolaos Kyriakakis Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Marilena Giannoudi Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Satish S Kumar Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Khyatisha Seejore Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Georgios K Dimitriadis Department of Endocrinology, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London, UK

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Harpal Randeva Warwickshire Institute for the Study of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (WISDEM), University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry, UK

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Adam Glaser Pediatric Oncology, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute of Medical Research, University of Leeds, UK

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Michelle Kwok-Williams Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Georgina Gerrard Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Carmel Loughrey Clinical Oncology, Leeds Cancer Centre, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Ahmed Al-Qaissi Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Ramzi Ajjan Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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Julie Lynch Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK

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Robert D Murray Department of Endocrinology, Leeds Centre for Diabetes & Endocrinology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
Leeds Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine (LICAMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

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the primary disease; however, an increase in cardiovascular mortality ( 3 ) and risk of early and late-occurring stroke ( 4 , 5 ) are also observed. There are limited cross-sectional studies evaluating conventional vascular risk factors in SCBT ( 6

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Peiwen Wu Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

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Dongjie He Department of Radiation Oncology, Tangdu Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China

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Hao Chang Department of Radiation Oncology, Tangdu Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China

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Xiaozhi Zhang Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China

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). The institutional review board deemed that this study could be exempted from review and informed consent because the data used in the study were freely available. This study followed the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in

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Enrique Pedernera Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Ciudad de México, México

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Flavia Morales-Vásquez Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México

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María J Gómora Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Ciudad de México, México

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Miguel A Almaraz Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Ciudad de México, México

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Esteban Mena Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Secretaría General, Ciudad de México, México
Universidad La Salle, Posgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad de México, México

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Delia Pérez-Montiel Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México

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Elizabeth Rendon Hospital Militar de Especialidades de la Mujer y Neonatología. Ciudad de México, México

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Horacio López-Basave Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Ciudad de México, México

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Juan Maldonado-Cubas Universidad La Salle, Posgrado de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Ciudad de México, México

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Carmen Méndez Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Embriología y Genética, Ciudad de México, México

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during the first 2 years of follow-up, gradually diverging in the long term, while remaining statistically significant throughout the study. The observation suggests that the protective effect of 17β-HSD1 is evident in less aggressive tumors. Furthermore

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Kaili Yang Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Jiarui Li Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China

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Yuejuan Cheng Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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Chunmei Bai Department of Medical Oncology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China

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landscape and chronological changes of clinical trials in GEP-NENs. This study was conducted according to the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guideline and was exempt from institutional board review because it

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Margarida Brito Department of Medical Oncology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisboa, Portugal

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Susana Prazeres Department of Clinical Pathology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisboa, Portugal

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Marta Malheiros Department of Clinical Pathology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisboa, Portugal

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single-center, observational study with retrospective data collection, separated into two parts. Initially, four samples of serum with low estradiol levels, obtained from our laboratory serum bank, were spiked with fulvestrant at various concentrations. A

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Vita Birzniece School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Garvan Institute of Medical Research, New South Wales, Australia
School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, New South Wales, Australia

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Teresa Lam School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Mark McLean School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Navneeta Reddy Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Haleh Shahidipour School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Blacktown Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Amy Hayden School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Howard Gurney Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, New South Wales, Australia

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Glenn Stone School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia

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Rikke Hjortebjerg Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Odense, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Jan Frystyk Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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cancer patients. An important observation of this study is the reduction in IGF-2 during metformin treatment. IGF signalling drives cancer development and progression ( 22 ). IGF-2 shares structural similarity to insulin and in fact is a more potent

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